脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 16:36:59
<p><b> 平菇</b><b>黄菇病</b><b>的预防</b></p>
<p> 熟料平菇栽培易; 出菇快; 产量高,是我国分布最广的食用菌生产项目, 但进入二十一世纪后, 平菇(含秀珍、菇杏孢菇、白灵菇等侧耳)栽培中黄菇病越来越严重, 尤其是那些夏季也种植平菇的菇场,到处都看到丢弃着平菇烂包、烂菇,闻到平菇菌包腐烂后的散发出一阵阵臭气。不少地区平菇菌包出完了一桩菇后就出现腐烂, 还有的地区出现罕见的集体绝收.据不完全统计, 各地平菇黄菇病超过了50%,严重制约了我国平菇的生产。以秀珍菇为例,近年来,随着生产的扩大,秀珍菇栽培过程中黄菇病的发生率呈逐年上升趋势,不同程度影响产品的质量和产量,轻者减产欠收,重者颗粒无收,严重挫伤了菇农的栽培积极性。</p>
<p> 黄菇病又叫黄褐斑病、褐斑病、锈斑病或斑点病,是由假单孢杆菌引起的。一般情况下,该病发生是菌袋表面有粘液状病原菌出现,菌丝有泛黄症状,有时该病菌也会直接侵害菇体,使受害菇生出病斑。从幼菇期到成熟期都有可能发病,被染菌后菇盖或菌柄局部呈黄色,严重是菇体全部呈焦黄色,导致浅色菇变成黄色菇,菇体生长缓慢,逐渐僵化直至菇体整株干巴收缩,菌褶常扭曲,属典型的干腐病;另一种受害菇体出现局部出现淡黄色斑点,多从菌盖边缘向内蔓延扩散扩散,发病部位有粘湿感,并产生腐烂,病情严重后,病菇全部呈淡黄色水渍状腐烂,并有粘稠状分泌物,散发出恶臭,为典型的黄菇病。</p>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 16:41:04
<p><b>平菇菌包主要致烂菌</b><b>:</b></p>
<p>龙泉市菌蕈研究所对本市3个年产超过10万包的平菇的栽培场进行抽样检测,结果如下:</p><br/>
<p>表1 平菇菌包捡测</p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">捡测物</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">子实体</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="64">
<h1>PDA</h1></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">母种</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">灭菌料</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="80">
<p align="center">玉米种</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="left">棉皮种</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">菌袋</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">芽孢</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p>100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="64">
<p> 无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">45%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="80">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">100%</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">细菌体</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">33%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="80">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">100%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">100%</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">霉菌</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">15%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="80">
<p align="center">5%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">7%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">8%</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">蹒虫等</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">5%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="64">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="80">
<p align="center">3%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="84">
<p align="center">4%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center">5%</p></td></tr></tbody></table><br/>
<p>表2 平菇黄菇病季节差异</p><br/>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="180" rowspan="2">
<p>月份</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="132" colspan="2">
<p>11-2</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="144" colspan="2">
<p>3-4</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="153" colspan="2">
<p>5-10</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="60">
<p>干</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>湿</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>干</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>湿</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>干</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="81">
<p>湿</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="180">
<p>黄菇病发生程度</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="60">
<p>少许</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>部分</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>部分</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>严重</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="72">
<p>严重</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="81">
<p>最严重</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b></b> </p>
<p> 本所从1985年开始周年种植平菇,经过数年的研究,发现引起平菇黄菇病的主要原因是培养基内滋生细菌性褐斑病、黄杆菌、假单胞杆菌、枯草杆菌等细菌引起,这些细菌在高温高湿环境中直接危害平菇菌丝,造成平菇菌丝和孑实体生长异常. 严重时还导致平菇菌丝体死亡,感染木霉造成烂包。</p>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 16:43:15
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 16.05pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">三、</span></b><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">黄菇病</span></b><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">来源的两个途径<span lang="EN-US">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 58.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.63"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、是组织分离时带入。目前平菇菌种分离采用组织分离,大部分组织分离时携带</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">黄菇病病源菌和其他</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">多种细菌芽胞<span lang="EN-US">(</span>检出最多为黄杆菌<span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt">细菌性褐斑病<span lang="EN-US">;</span>托拉氏假单胞菌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">)</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">,这些细菌芽胞跟随平菇子实体在普通<span lang="EN-US">PDA</span>木菇培养基内繁殖生长,由于平菇母种中细菌数量少,肉眼不易观察。当这些母种经原种<span lang="EN-US">-</span>栽培种三级扩大后,细菌体不断增殖后为害平菇菌丝。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"> 2</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、平菇培养基经过<span lang="EN-US">100</span>度<span lang="EN-US">8-48</span>小时或<span lang="EN-US">1.5</span>公斤压力保持<span lang="EN-US">2-4</span>小时灭菌,培养基中细菌体巳经死亡,但一部分细菌芽孢<span lang="EN-US">(</span>检出最多的是枯草杆菌,它的致死温度<span lang="EN-US">165-170</span>度,食用菌生产是无法达到这么高的温度的,普通湿热灭菌的无法杀灭枯草杆菌芽孢<span lang="EN-US">)</span>并没有死亡,木屑培养基灭菌降温后,尚未杀死的细菌芽孢开始萌发,产生新的细菌体,如遇高温季节<span lang="EN-US">, </span>室内温度在<span lang="EN-US">22</span>度以上<span lang="EN-US">,</span>这个温度段非常适合枯草杆菌等细菌繁殖,细菌体增殖后为害平菇菌丝。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 16:49:20
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 0"><b><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">四、试验方法<span lang="EN-US">:<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">在平菇生产过程中,传统的无菌生产观念己经不符合平菇生产实际,现实的状况是平菇培养过程中一直都存在着细菌芽孢,这些细菌芽孢在没有萌发成细菌体之前并不危害平菇菌丝,当这些细菌芽孢萌发成细菌体<span lang="EN-US">,</span>形成优势后才危害平菇菌丝和子实体,治理平菇</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">黄菇病</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">的关键在于抑制细菌芽孢的萌发,抑制了细菌体的繁殖就可以防止</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">黄菇病发生</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">,我们决定防治平菇</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">黄菇病</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">从冶理种源开始,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">我所于2006年夏季平菇731品种栽培中,在常规母种</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">原种</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">栽培种培养基内加入0.3%细菌清,灭菌后接入平菇731</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">菌</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">种, , 再将731菌种接入常规平菇菌袋培养出菇. </span></span>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 18:22:30
<p align="left"><b>五</b>.<b>试验结果 : </b></p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left">表3 平菇培养基添加细菌清栽培试验</p>
<div align="center">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>项目</p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">细菌体</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">平菇菌丝</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center">黄菇病</p>
<p align="center">%</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center">一千菌袋产量(kG)</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p>增产率</p>
<p>%</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>0.3%细菌清PDA </p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">洁白、整齐、菌丝致密发菌速度快</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center"> </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>常规PDA </p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">捡出</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">灰白色、前端不整齐、菌丝稀疏、出现暗黄色点</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center"> </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>0. 3%细菌清</p>
<p>原种、栽培种</p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">无</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">洁白、整齐、菌丝致密发菌速度快</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center">1</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center"> </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>常规原种栽培种</p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">捡出</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">有黄水</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center">45</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center"> </p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>用脱毒菌种</p>
<p>制栽培袋</p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">捡出</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">洁白、整齐、菌丝致密发菌速度快</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center">0.5</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center">1368kg</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center">182</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="157">
<p>常规菌种</p>
<p>制栽培袋</p></td>
<td width="96">
<p align="center">捡出大量</p></td>
<td width="161">
<p align="center">有黄水黄线发菌速度缓慢</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="48">
<p align="center">65</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center">752kg</p></td>
<td valign="top" width="57">
<p align="center">100</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-12 18:27:23
<p> 1.平菇母种试验组一周即可见到效果,表现在接种后母种菌丝24小时后恢复,48小时吃料生长,洁白致密,整齐划一、爬壁能力强而不倒伏、连续转管不退化的特点。</p>
<p> 2.平菇原种、栽培种添加0.3%细菌清试验, 平菇菌丝接种后恢复快, 菌丝致密整齐、满袋提前3-5日,整体成活率提高到95%以上,在高温40度时,731未出现黄线、黄水和烂包现象, </p>
<p> 3. 把试验组菌种接入常规平菇菌袋, 同样,平菇菌丝接种后恢复快, 菌丝洁白致密、整齐划一、提前4-5日满袋,整体成活率提高到95%以上, 同样不出现黄线、黄水黄菇病黄菇病,一桩菇出完后,烂包率减少90%以上,明显延长出菇期, 增产82%</p>
<p><b>六</b><b>、</b><b>结果分析与讨论:</b></p>
<p> 长期以来, 由于细菌污染比较难易观察,平菇黄菇病一直没有得到很好的防治,运用细菌清预防黄菇病试验却收到了良好效果.现有许多户菇农开始在数十万菌包中使用, 两年的实验还发现细菌清具有很强的防霉和避蚊功能。既是炎热的夏季, 菇场也很少出现霉菌污染和菇蚊发生.与此同时,细菌清在预防香菇烂筒、金针菇斑点病、黑木耳红水病、灵芝黄水病上试用后亦收到良好的效果, 而在其他食用菌品种上的试验有侍下一步开展。</p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-4-14 19:32:38编辑过]
sage
发表于 2008-4-12 23:58:39
看过你的<b>"平菇</b><b>黄菇病</b><b>的预防</b>",不错,谢谢。不知你的细菌清是否可以除口臭,当然前提是对人无害,那样你的产品前途无量。转贴在随便聊聊<br/><br/>
美研究锁定口臭“元凶”<br/> <br/> <font color="#e6e6dd"> </font><br/>
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-13 11:49:06
<p> 美国医学研究人员证实,一种名为solobacterium moorei的细菌是造成口臭的罪魁祸首。</p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-4-13 11:59:12编辑过]
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-4-21 20:19:55
我所5-6两个月需购入3000吨棉皮(中绒)用于黑木耳生产,现金支付,有货源请速与我联系.
脱毒灵
发表于 2008-5-23 20:52:44
可以在含细菌清加PDA上分离培养两次后再接入原种使用或保存.