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<font size="5">谢坛主和各位参与者,</font></p><p><font size="5"> 本贴主要讨论的是食用菌枝术问题,说到底是污染防治问题,中国食用菌杂志2007年笫六期已全文刊登细菌是笫一污染源文章.</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 154.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">细菌是第一污染源<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>
</span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">如果说上世纪食用菌枝术主要体现在引种栽培和周年栽培<span lang="EN-US">, </span>那么本世纪食用菌枝术主要体现在污染防治<span lang="EN-US">. </span>如何防冶污染<span lang="EN-US">? </span>首先要搞清污染源<span lang="EN-US">, </span>才能做到有的放矢<span lang="EN-US">.</span>目前食用菌主要存在病毒、细菌、霉菌、虫害四种污染源<span lang="EN-US">,</span>这其中谁是第一污染源呢<span lang="EN-US">? <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><br/><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 21:07:33编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">一、香菇笫一大病害<span lang="EN-US">: </span>香菇烂筒<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. 2005</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">年福建省长汀县栽培香菇菌包<span lang="EN-US">300</span>万筒，烂筒<span lang="EN-US">77.98</span>万筒烂筒率<span lang="EN-US">26%;</span>武平县栽培香菇菌包<span lang="EN-US">105</span>万筒，烂筒<span lang="EN-US">35</span>万筒烂筒率<span lang="EN-US">33.3%</span>，致烂菌为两株枯草杆菌<span lang="EN-US">;</span>一支荧光假单孢杆菌，一支络非不动杆菌，五支木霉菌和一支白地霉<span lang="EN-US">(</span>摘自<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>年第五期中国食用菌<span lang="EN-US">:</span>福建省农业区划研究所陈德好<span lang="EN-US">:</span>香菇烂筒病因与综合防治研究<span lang="EN-US">) <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">2..2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年浙江省丽水市生产香菇菌棒<span lang="EN-US">3.5</span>亿支，烂棒<span lang="EN-US">1.5</span>亿支<span lang="EN-US">,</span>烂棒率<span lang="EN-US">43%</span>，有四万户菇农的菌棒全部烂掉，血本无归。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>摘自<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年第三期食用菌<span lang="EN-US">:</span>丽水市农业局贾亚妮<span lang="EN-US">:</span>菌棒香菇高温烧菌的腐烂原因和防范措施<span lang="EN-US">)<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/></span></span>UploadFile/2007-11/2007111920225674689.jpg<br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 20:25:05编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">二、平菇笫一大病害<span lang="EN-US">: </span>平菇黄菇病<span lang="EN-US"><br/>
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">自<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>年以来，我国北方平菇开始出现黄菇现象以来，近几年病害发生越来越普遍，对菇农的损害越耒越严重，成了平菇最大菇害。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>摘自<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年第一期中国食用菌天津大学、河北省微生物研究所冀宏等八人<span lang="EN-US">:</span>北方平菇黄菇病的发生种类与防治措施<span lang="EN-US">)<br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/><br/>
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</span>2.</span>黄菇病病源<span lang="EN-US">: </span>假单胞杆菌引起。<span lang="EN-US">(</span>摘自福建农业大学地环系胡开辉等<span lang="EN-US">:</span>食 用 菌 细 菌 性 病 害<span lang="EN-US">)<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/><p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>UploadFile/2007-11/2007111920265227786.jpg<br/><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-20 19:35:25编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">三、金针菇笫一大病害<span lang="EN-US">: </span>金针菇斑点病<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">对灭菌料所做的无菌捡查表明<span lang="EN-US">:</span>采用常规灭菌标准所灭菌的料，<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>含有未灭活的细菌。细菌污染一跃成为影响菌丝体发育的主要污染源，<span lang="EN-US">(</span>摘自<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年第一期中国食用菌河北农科院高春燕等人<span lang="EN-US">:</span>冷库金针菇栽培发菌期的细菌危害和预防<span lang="EN-US">)<br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br/>
</span>2.</span>据浙江龙泉市双益金针菇厂<span lang="EN-US">(</span>年产<span lang="EN-US">500</span>万瓶<span lang="EN-US">)</span>，陕西宝鸡菌泰金针菇厂<span lang="EN-US">(</span>年产<span lang="EN-US">200</span>万包<span lang="EN-US">)</span>捡测发现培养料中<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>存在假单孢杆菌、枯草杆菌等芽孢细菌，高温季节损失率<span lang="EN-US">30-50%</span>。<span lang="EN-US">
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[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 20:30:04编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">四、黑木耳笫一大病害<span lang="EN-US">: </span>黑木耳红水病<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 50pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 50.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><br/>
</span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">浙江省龙泉市安仁镇<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年生产<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>万包黑木耳菌种<span lang="EN-US">,</span>调查表明黑木耳菌种红水病烂包率普遍超过<span lang="EN-US">50% <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 50pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 50.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><br/>
</span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">浙江省龙泉市<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>年生产<span lang="EN-US">3000</span>万支黑木耳菌棒，红水病烂棒包率超过<span lang="EN-US">60%</span>。经捡测<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>菌包内含腊状芽孢细菌、枯草杆菌等细菌。<span lang="EN-US">
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[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 20:37:10编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 47.85pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.99;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">五 、灵芝笫一大病害<span lang="EN-US">:</span>灵芝黄水病<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2005</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">年，我国规模最大的皖南段木灵芝基地，黄水病危害造成损失超过<span lang="EN-US">50%</span>，。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2006-2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">两年中<span lang="EN-US">, </span>中华灵芝笫一乡浙江龙泉市由于灵芝黄水病普遍发生<span lang="EN-US">, </span>数千万公斤椴木灵芝菌包报废<span lang="EN-US">,</span>上百灵芝场血本无归<span lang="EN-US">. </span>经细菌培养表明<span lang="EN-US">:</span>灵芝黄水病源自假单胞杆菌和枯草杆菌<span lang="EN-US">
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[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 20:44:30编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">纵观我国食用菌五个主要菇种的主要病害糸细菌污染形成<span lang="EN-US">,</span>培养料受内部细菌污染的危害，远远超过外部霉菌、虫害污染的危害，成为第一污染源<span lang="EN-US">. <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">常规灭菌理论认为<span lang="EN-US">: <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">食用菌常规组织分离获得纯菌丝<span lang="EN-US">, <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">培养料经过高温灭菌获得的无菌培养基<span lang="EN-US"><br/>
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[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 21:05:12编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我们通过捡测发现<span lang="EN-US">: <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">食用菌常规组织分离获得菌丝夹带着芽孢细菌。<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/>
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">培养料经过高温灭菌获得的培养基<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>夹带芽孢细菌。<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/>
<p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2006</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">年夏季<span lang="EN-US">,</span>当我公布捡测结果时<span lang="EN-US">,</span>人们对组织分离获得菌丝中夹带着细菌表示可以理解<span lang="EN-US">, </span>而常规灭菌后<span lang="EN-US">, </span>培养料究竟还有无芽孢细菌存在则在中国食用菌论坛引发了一场大辨论<span lang="EN-US">. <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>UploadFile/2007-11/2007111920495147645.jpg2007.11.9张树庭先生在成都<br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-20 19:32:23编辑过]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">如何捡验上述理论之真伪<span lang="EN-US">, </span>其实每个人自己可以作捡测<span lang="EN-US">, </span>首先制作细菌培养基<span lang="EN-US">:0.3%</span>牛肉浸膏<span lang="EN-US">(</span>汤<span lang="EN-US">) 0.8%</span>蛋白胨<span lang="EN-US"> 0.5%</span>盐<span lang="EN-US"> 2%</span>琼脂<span lang="EN-US"> 1000</span>水<span lang="EN-US">; </span>无牛肉浸膏也可用牛肉汤替代<span lang="EN-US">; </span>也可以直接用<span lang="EN-US">PDA.</span>然后把灭菌料接入细菌培养基<span lang="EN-US">,35</span>度培养<span lang="EN-US">36</span>小时<span lang="EN-US">,</span>就能看清有无细菌菌落。得出科学结论<span lang="EN-US">. (</span>如枯草杆菌芽孢是嗜热微生物<span lang="EN-US">,</span>致死温度<span lang="EN-US">165-170</span>度，。这是食用菌培养料常规灭菌无法做到的<span lang="EN-US">) <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我的结论是<span lang="EN-US">: </span>在食用菌生产中<span lang="EN-US">, </span>芽孢细菌在灭菌料中存在是绝对的<span lang="EN-US">,</span>细菌才是第一污染源<span lang="EN-US">. <p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-19 21:00:02编辑过]
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<font size="4">由成都榕珍菌业有限公司投资兴建的集研发、生产、加工、贸易为一体的珍稀食用菌标准化生产基地日前落户四川郫县唐昌战旗村现代农业产业园区。<br/> 据成都榕珍菌业有限公司总经理李宗堂介绍，珍稀食用菌标准化生产基地规划面积1000亩，计划总投资7000余万元。一期用地面积300亩，将建成一条日产4万袋的标准化菌种、菌包生产线和常规、反季节标准化出菇车间。一期项目建成后，将实现年产值4000余万元，吸纳农业产业工人600余人，带动当地农民增收1000余万元。<br/> 2007年11月9日,应成都榕珍公司董事长李宗堂邀请,我们穗鲁浙三省代表前往正在建设中的亚州最大食用菌厂成都榕珍公司金针菇厂建设工地参观,该厂计划日产金针菇60t,超过日本日产金针菇30t的规模,该公司还计划与川农大合作开办我国第一所专业的食用菌学院,席间,我们就金针菇生产中防治细菌污染取得共识.</font></p><br/>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-20 20:11:17编辑过]
