[分享]配合myb发表的植物水运输资料
<font face="Verdana"><strong> 植物根系对水分的吸收和运输</strong><br/>一 植物根系对水分的吸收和运输途径<br/>1. 从土壤溶液到根表皮<br/> (1) 土壤溶液水势很高,接近0(-0.01MPa),只有干旱时才很低(Ψp可达-3MPa)。<br/> (2) 根吸水的部位是根尖,并以根毛区为主。<br/> (3) 土壤中的水可经扩散作用进入表皮细胞间隙,或通过渗透作用进入表皮细胞内部。<br/><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2010-1/201012811111552747.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><font face="Verdana"><p><br/>2. 从表皮到皮层可经三条途径<br/> (1) 非质体或质外体途径(apoplast pathway)<br/> (2) 共质体途径(symplast pathway)<br/> (3) 越膜途径(transmembrane pathway)</p>
<p></font> </p></font><br/> <font face="Verdana"><br/>质外体:是指由细胞壁、细胞间隙、胞间层以及导管的空腔组成的部分。<br/>共质体:是指由活的细胞通过胞间连丝组成的连续整体。<br/>越膜途径:水分从一个细胞的一端进入,从另一端流出,并进入第二个细胞,依次进行下去,在这条途径中,每通过一个细胞,水分都至少两次越过质膜,甚至越过液泡膜。<br/></font> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2010-1/201012811132829797.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2010-1/201012811132816731.jpg" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="if(this.width>document.body.clientWidth*0.5) {this.resized=true;this.width=document.body.clientWidth*0.5;this.style.cursor='pointer';} else {this.onclick=null}" alt="" /><br/> <?xml:namespace prefix = p ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:powerpoint" /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#00cc99,#3333cc,#ccccff,#b2b2b2"></p:colorscheme>
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<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">3. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">穿越内皮层</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><i>Do you remember the casparian strip</i></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><i>(</i></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b><i>凯氏</i></b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b><i>带</i></b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><i>)</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><i>? </i></span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>1) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">从共质体来的水可通过胞间连丝进入内皮层细胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">扩</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">散</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">质外体的水必须通过内皮层的质膜才能进入内皮层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">渗透</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><b>The function of casparian strip</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">: Casparian strips ensure that all </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">substances entering the stele at least one membrane,allowing only </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">selected ions to pass into the stele. It also prevents stele contents </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">from leaking back to the apoplast and out into soil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">.</span></div></div> <font face="Verdana">
<p><br/>4. 从内皮层到中柱导管——共质体和质外体途径(扩散或渗透)<br/>5. 根导管→茎导管→叶脉导管(长距离运输) ——质外体途径(集流)<br/>6. 叶脉导管→叶肉细胞及细胞间隙→气孔下腔→大气———共质体或质外体途径(扩散或渗透) </p>
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<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>二</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b> </b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>水分运输的速率</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">共质体</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; POSITION: relative; TOP: -0.45em; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-text-raise: 30%">-5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">m/h</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">;质外体:被子植物的导管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">20~30m/h</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">,裸子植物的管胞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">0.6m/h</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>三</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b> </b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>水分由根部向地上部分运输的动力 </b></span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>1. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>根压</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b> (root pressure)</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">由于根系本身的代谢活动而使</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">根系吸水并使水沿导管向上运输的力量。 </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> 证据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">: (1)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">伤流 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">bleeding; (2)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">吐水 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">guttation </span></div>
<div style="mso-line-spacing: '100 50="50"0'; mso-margin-left-alt: 288; mso-char-wrap: 1; mso-kinsoku-overflow: 1"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>2. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b>蒸腾拉力</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; COLOR: #000099; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"><b> (transpiration pull)</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">由于蒸腾</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">作用产生的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">水势梯度而使水分上升的力量。</span></div></div> <font face="Verdana"><br/>5. 土壤水势:土壤水势包括渗透势和压力势两部分,通常土壤溶液渗透势较高,约-0.01MPa,盐碱土可达-0.2MPa,压力势一般接近0,但干燥土壤的压力势可达-3MPa。<br/> 一般来说,低于-3.1MPa的水为土壤束缚水,-3.1MPa~-0.01 MPa的水为毛细管水,高于-0.01 MPa的水为重力水。对于大多数植物,当土壤含水量达到永久萎蔫系数时,其水势约为-1.5 MPa,该水势称为永久萎蔫点(permanent wilting point)。 <br/>(二). 土壤通气状况<br/> 土壤通气不良造成根系吸水困难:根系环境内缺乏O2,CO2积累,短期内使呼吸减弱,影响根压,继而影响根系吸水;长时期缺氧,根进行无氧呼吸,产生并积累较多的乙醇,使根系中毒受伤,吸水更少。 <br/></font> <font face="Verdana"><br/>(三) 土壤温度<br/>低温: <br/>原生质粘性增大,对水的阻力增大,水不易透过生活组织,植物吸水减弱;<br/>水分子运动减慢,渗透作用降低;根系生长受抑,吸收面积减少;<br/>根系呼吸速率降低,离子吸收减弱,影响根压。<br/>高温:<br/>加速根系老化过程,使根的木质化部位几乎到达根尖端,根吸收面积减少,吸水速率也下降。<br/></font> <font face="Verdana"><br/>(四)土壤溶液浓度 <br/>一般情况下,土壤溶液浓度较低,水势较高,根系能够正常吸水。<br/>但其土壤溶液浓度很高时,水势很低,作物吸水困难,甚至体内水分有可能外渗,作物不能维持体内水分平衡而处于缺水状态,形成生理干旱。 <br/></font> <p><font face="Verdana">§5 蒸腾作用<br/>一 蒸腾作用的概念及其生理意义<br/>1.概念:指水分以气体状态,通过植物体表面(主要是叶子)从体内散失到体外的现象。<br/> 植物体所吸收的水分,除小部分用于代谢,大部分排出体外。<br/> 排出休外的方式有吐水和蒸腾两种。<br/>2.意义:1)是植物对水分吸收和运输的主要动力。<br/> 2)是植物吸收和运输无机物、有机物的主要动力。<br/> 3) 降低叶片温度,保护叶片(强光高温下萎蔫叶片温度比正常叶片高4℃)</font></p>
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