myb
发表于 2010-1-30 18:28:06
<p><b>如何科学用水呢?</b></p>
<p>1、平菇培养料的用水:培养料的含水量对平菇栽培至关重要,我举一个简单的例子能说明问题,如果培养料水分适宜,把菌袋放到干燥的房间里也可看到平菇的菇蕾大量出现,但如果培养料严重缺水,即使把菌袋发到潮湿的环境中也很难现蕾。在实际生产中,平菇的培养料掌握是相当灵活的,一味的生搬硬套很容易出大问题。</p>
<p>培养料的加水我们一定要掌握一个“准”,就是在拌料时加水一定要“准”。因为培养料的含水量直接影响到发菌速度和菌丝密度,从而影响到平菇产量。水分偏高,料内空气相对减少,菌丝缺氧生长速度减慢,如果培养基中含水量高于 70% ,菌丝往往因氧气不足停止生长,以致培养料酸败造成污染。甚至停止生长;水分过低,培养基中含水量低于 55%,菌丝长势弱,抗性差,出菇迟,产量低,严重者子实体不能形成。实践证明,平菇培养料的含水量以60%—65%为适宜。手感即为紧握成团湿润,但不往下滴水。拌料加水的具体做法是:先把堆成山形的干料从尖端中间挖向四周,使其形成凹陷状;再把清水倒入凹陷处,用锄头或锨把凹陷处逐步向四周扩大,使水分逐渐渗透。当水分被干物质吸收后,把铺平的料用锨重新整成山样料堆。并再次将料堆挖开,按此法反复搅拌3-4次,使水分吸收均匀,然后把拌匀的料堆积起来,防止水分蒸发。</p>
myb
发表于 2010-2-1 08:37:27
<p>水分测定:一般常用感官测定,即手握紧培养料,指缝间有水溢出,但不下滴,伸开手指,料在掌中能成团,落地即散,其含水量一般为60%左右。若料在掌中成团即裂,掷进料堆即散,表明太干;若手握料水珠成串下滴,掷进料对不散,表明太湿。经检测,如果水分不足,加水调节。</p>
myb
发表于 2010-1-31 07:41:19
<p>有些生产者对料水比有这样一个误区,认为培养料的含水量越大,鲜菇的产量越高。理由是食用菌子实体的含水量均在90%左右,这些水份绝大部分来自培养料,所以认为培养料含水量越大产量越高,特别是二茬菇的产量更是如此。表面上看很有道理,但忽略了一个问题,就是菌棒发菌的质量。培养料含水量过大,由于透气性差菌棒发菌的质量就差,菌丝自然长得不好,出菇时产量当然也不会高。所以,含水量过高不但不会增产,反而会减产。为此,拌料时料水比一定要合理,做到不大不小最好,如果做不到这一点,可宁干勿湿。此外,培养料加水量还应考虑如下原则:①菌种培养料少加水。②夏天拌料少加水。③新料少加水。④辅料添加量大时少加水。⑤棉籽皮绒少时少加水。⑥木屑为主料时少加水。</p>
myb
发表于 2010-2-1 16:41:31
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">、出菇期间的水分管理主要强调一个巧字:就是出菇期的水分管理要在“巧”字上作文章。在现蕾前,可适当向料中补水,使含水量达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">65%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">68%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。为加速出菇,除利用温差、光线等来刺激外,还可利用培养料表面的干湿交替的办法来催蕾。在幼蕾期,水分管理要以提高空气相对湿度为主。随着菇体逐渐长大,可适当向菇体直接喷水。掌握勤喷轻喷、阴天少喷、晴天多喷、小菇少喷、大菇多喷的原则。</span>
w爱菇人
发表于 2010-2-1 22:14:20
记得毛老师说过,发菌栽培料含水量不高于65%,出菇时65-68%合适。怎样来实施呢?
myb
发表于 2010-2-2 16:22:16
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">出菇期水分管理还要注重一个补字:就是在一、二潮菇采收后缺水要及时“补”。因为培养料在头潮菇采摘后,含水量一般下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">20%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">30%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">,二潮菇后下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">30%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">50%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">。因此,此时要连续</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">天,每天向培养料喷水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">次,每次以料表湿润为宜,防止培养料积水。为提高平菇产量,还可结合补水适当追施一些营养液。可用补水器注水,既方便又快速。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </span>
myb
发表于 2010-2-2 16:25:18
<div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>w爱菇人</i>在2010-2-1 22:14:20的发言:</b><br/>记得毛老师说过,发菌栽培料含水量不高于65%,出菇时65-68%合适。怎样来实施呢? </div>
<p>可适当向料中补水,使含水量达到<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: Roman?; New?>65%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=";" mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" Roman?; New? Roman?? new="New" ?Times mso-bidi-font-family: mso-hansi-font-family:>—</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times new=" AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: Roman?; New?>68%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=";" mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" Roman?; New? Roman?? new="New" ?Times mso-bidi-font-family: mso-hansi-font-family:>。</span>方法很多,有直接喷的,有注水的,也有覆土的,个人感觉补水后用手指压料面,有水稍渗出为度</p>
myb
发表于 2010-2-3 20:01:11
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">出菇期水份管理要诀:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">蕾期禁喷,空间多喷,保持湿润,现柄酌喷,盖小轻喷,盖大多喷,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New="New"Roman'">采前重喷,采后停喷。干湿交替,促控用水。不喷过污水,不喷过急水,不喷过温水。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New="New"Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span>
myb
发表于 2010-2-4 18:04:42
冬季气温低,菇房里水分蒸发相对较低,菇体所需的水分一般由培养基供给,在水分的输送过程中养分也随之传递,菇盖也随之而增长。因为幼菇菌盖小,蒸腾作用小,应严禁喷水。随着菇体的长大,可在通风处和菌墙顶层靠棚膜处适量喷水,因为这些地方较干燥。菌墙的下半部分比较潮湿,可不喷水。进入春季后气候干燥蒸发量大,可按常规方法喷水。
myb
发表于 2010-2-7 19:38:09
冬季,只要解决好升温保湿与通风之间的矛盾,食用菌就能获得较理想的产量。
<p><font face="宋体"> 合理升温 以平菇为例,平菇低于5℃不再生长,即使低温型菌株如2006、特抗1号等,尽管在4℃左右不至于发生生理性病害,但也需要10℃以上的温度才能长得好。因此,冬季生产中的升温与保湿,便成为至关重要的管理任务。一般温度的提高通过日光增温、棚内生火炉等方式即可解决。但生火炉增温时,大多数菇农常怕 “跑了热气”而密闭菇棚,结果导致通风严重不良,二氧化碳积聚,湿度居高不下,在产生畸形菇的同时,也会引致某些浸染性病害的发生。生产中常见的茶花菇、拐棍菇、菜花菇等均因此而发生,一些浸染性病害如腐烂病等,也与通风不良、湿度过高有着密切的关系。解决办法:自然条件下,晴好天气时,上午10时后开始通风,至14时左右结束。从棚内上方拉一层遮阳网或黑色薄膜,揭开草苫后日晒增温,令热量进入而将直射光挡住。通风过程中会有不同程度的降温,风量只要不是过大,有时反而对出菇和子实体发育有一定的促进作用。有条件的可安装水温空调,既可有效调温控温,又因该设备可对菇棚吹出循环风而使棚内空气清新,避免了因通风不良发生的各种问题。</font></p>
<p><font face="宋体"> 适度保湿 适当的基料持水和棚内的空气湿度,统称为水分,生产中一般分别调控在63%和85%~95%,如此才可能保证菌丝和子实体的正常生长。但是,水分只是食用菌生长的条件之一,并非唯一因素,尤其子实体生长期间,适量的通风是不可少的。而通风与湿度的保持是一对实际存在的矛盾,通风则降湿。实际上,一定条件下,如冬季中午时分,因适当通入高于棚温的空气,可使棚温略微升高,并因此引发棚内水分的蒸发,使此时的湿度有所升高。理论上要求的保持90%左右的空气湿度并未要求湿度达到恒定状况,如同变温可刺激出菇一样,一定的湿度差有时还会有促进出菇的作用,并且,在湿度相对偏低的情况下,还可抑制某些病害的存活和生长,但应根据子实体的不同阶段,将湿度差控制在10%~20%,才能取得比较理想的生产效果。</font></p>