生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:16:30

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<p align="left"><font size="5"><font color="#0000ff">采菇期(16~17天),温度16℃,相对湿度90%,80-300Lx光照8小时,CO2浓度1500mg/kg。<b>&nbsp;</b>采收时期根据市场要求,一般在菌盖平展,未弹射孢子前采收。采收应采大留小,分次采收,用锋利小刀收割,不影响小菇。<b>&nbsp;</b><b>  </b></font></font></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:17:19

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<p align="left"><font color="#0000ff" size="5">十三、包装保藏</font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#0000ff" size="5">将采下的杏鲍菇用刀修掉菇脚粘连的培养料及小菇等杂质,按大小分好等级,装入塑料袋中,并标定重量贴好标签,放入2-4℃保鲜库保存。</font></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:03:15

[原创]

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">液体培养法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">%的糖液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">毫升,装入三角瓶中,按常规方法灭菌后,移入黄豆粒大小菌种一块,于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">25</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">~</span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="28" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">28</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">下培养一周,凡菌种块四周菌丝生长快,浓密洁白,是棉絮状,说明菌种生活力旺盛,若菌块下沉,菌膜很薄,则生活力差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:03:40

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">栽培试验</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">为鉴别菌种的生产性能是否优良;则要用瓶栽或盘栽,以便观察子实体发生快慢、多少、朵大小、产量高低以及环境的适应性和抗病抗虫能力的强弱等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:04:04

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">(二)菌种的保存</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">无论是母种、原种或栽培种,如果未及时使用,其菌丝就会很快衰老,降低生产力,影响产量和质量。因此,菌种必须进行适当的保存。其目的是保持菌种的生活力,降低死亡速度,保持菌种原有的优良性状,防止退化,确保菌种纯一,防止杂菌感染。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">菌种保存的基本原理,主要是通过采用低温、干燥与缺氧的条件,以中止菌种的繁殖,降低其新陈代谢,使之处于休眠状态。菌种保存的方法很多,常用的为斜面低温保存法,液体石蜡保存法等。有条件的还可采用冷冻真空干燥保存法。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:04:33

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">斜面低温保存法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">这是最简便最普通的保存方法。即将菌丝生长良好的斜面菌种,置于冰箱内;在</span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="4" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">左右低温下保存;以后每隔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">个月转管移接一次。放在冰箱中,置于室温保存即可,每隔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">个月,也须重新移接一次,防止菌种老化。为防止菌种在保存过程中积累过多的酸,在配制保存母种培养基时添加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">0.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">%磷酸二氢钾或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">0.02</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">%碳酸钙等盐类,对培养其</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">PH</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">值的变化能起缓冲作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:05:04

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">液体石蜡保存法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">食用菌的菌丝体都可用此法保存,方法简单,只在斜面菌种试管内,注入一层已灭过菌的液体石蜡,注入量以高出斜面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">厘米为宜,使菌种与空气隔绝,降低其新陈代谢的活动,然后在棉塞外包以塑料薄膜,直立存放于室内干燥处或低温下保存,一般可保存一年以上。液体石蜡使用前,要在且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">·</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">公斤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">厘米2的压力下维持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">小时,连续灭菌两次。彻底灭菌后方可使用。灭菌后的液体石蜡,由于有水蒸气渗入,会影响菌种保存质量,因此,需要放在</span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="44" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">44</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">烘箱中,烘烤数小时,使水蒸气蒸发。在室温下也可以,不过所需的时间要长些。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">使用液体石蜡菌种时,只要用接种计从斜面上挑取少许菌体,放在新鲜的培养基上;经过培养,即可应用。原种则重新蜡封,继续保存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:06:07

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<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">木屑试管菌种保存法</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">用杂木屑按原种的培养基配制装入大号试管,容量为管高的三分之二,擦净管口塞紧棉塞,用牛皮纸包扎管口后高压灭菌,然后移入母种,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">25</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">~</span><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="28" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">28</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">下培养,待长满菌丝后,立即移到低温干燥环境保存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">原种和栽培种培养好后,应立即用于扩接栽培种或栽培生产,不宜保存过久,时间越长,生活力越差,也越容易感染杂菌。若因特殊情况不能及时使用,原种瓶口用牛皮纸包好,可置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333">℃</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">条件下保藏。栽培种短期保存也可放于阴凉、干燥通风的室内,但种瓶不宜堆叠过高,以免堆内发热,加速菌丝老化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:07:13

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<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">八、出菇袋生产</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">1、选择无霉变,无结块,无生虫棉籽壳、木屑、麸皮、玉米粉等主辅料。在生产的前一天晚上按第二天生产量把棉籽壳木屑倒入搅拌机内,按棉籽壳等主料:水=1:1.5的比例搅拌5-10分钟进行预湿。预湿后的棉籽壳、木屑既不能往外淌水又不能有未拌湿的干料。预湿后的培养料堆积于拌料机上料口旁边,做成高1米宽1·2米的长条堆。</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">第二天于装袋工上班前按配方称取各种辅料按照先主料后辅料的顺序倒入搅拌机。预湿棉籽壳和木屑必须分开用独立的料斗量取。料斗上用明显的刻度标明。保证各种原料称量准确。</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 保证各种原料全部倒入搅拌机后的第一次搅拌时间不低于15分钟。搅拌结束后每斗各个角落的测量参数一致。培养料含水量、PH值每斗都必须检测,保证含水量在65%~67% ,PH值在7.5~8.0。</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">拌料当天搅拌的培养料必须和预湿的培养料明显分开</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">搅拌好培养料必须按先拌先用,后拌后用原则使用。</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 拌最后一次料时根据实际情况决定数量多少,搅拌好的培养料不可过夜。当天的料宁可少装几袋也不能有剩料。</font></p>

生态无极 发表于 2010-6-13 21:07:47

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<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">拌料方法</font></p>
<p><font color="#0000ff" size="4">拌料前先检查拌料机料筒内是否有杂物,关闭出料口,底部清料孔,并给链条和转动轴加注黄油。接通电源检查拌料桶内是否有摩擦现象。停机将主辅料按次序装入料筒中,启动搅拌机同时打开水泵向桶内加水,先按料水重量比为1:1·2加水,搅拌5分钟后测量水分再补充添加。继续搅拌10分钟,检测各项指标合格后打开出料口放料,并将拌好的培养料铲倒装袋机旁。</font></p>
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