myb
发表于 2009-11-2 06:50:51
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">口外销标准的成品仅占<span lang="EN-US">10%</span>左右。而用热泵式燥机干燥的香菇，成品符合外销标准的占<span lang="EN-US">60%</span>以上，外形收缩均匀，不变形，菇形圆整，菇品颜色为深褐色，色泽悦日，菇褶为乳白色，条纹清晰不倒，气味清香纯正，不带有烟味、焦味，深受日本市场欢迎。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>RG-110</span>型热泵干燥机，日加工鲜香菇<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="600" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">600</span>千克</st1:chmetcnv>，可得干香菇产品<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="92" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">92</span>千克</st1:chmetcnv>，耗能费用为<span lang="EN-US">0.68</span>元<span lang="EN-US">/</span>千克，只是普通烘干机平均耗能费用<span lang="EN-US">l.19</span>元<span lang="EN-US">/</span>千克的<span lang="EN-US">57%</span>，节能效果是显而易见的，产品符合部颁标准。以加工<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">5</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>以上的春薄香菇为例，质量上等的外销菇价格为人民币<span lang="EN-US">l60</span>元<span lang="EN-US">/</span>千克，内销价<span lang="EN-US">30</span>元<span lang="EN-US">/</span>千克，人工栽培香菇以每立方米菇木产干菇<span lang="EN-US">l<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">，若用传统方法加工，其优质外销菇的比例只有10%</span></span>，产值只能达到<span lang="EN-US">645</span>元；而用热泵干燥机加工，优质外销菇比例提高至<span lang="EN-US">60%</span>，产值可达<span lang="EN-US">1620</span>元，每立方米菇木增加净产值高达<span lang="EN-US">975</span>元。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>香菇在干制过程中不适宜高温干燥，在高温条件下，其外表会变色，因而产品达不到出口的标准。用热泵干燥机干燥香菇，产品干燥均匀，片面平整，不扭曲卷边，颜色美观，芳香气味纯正。含水量<span lang="EN-US">12%</span>以下，耗能费用为<span lang="EN-US">0.80</span>元<span lang="EN-US">/</span>千克，优质干品率高，具有显著的经济效益。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈤盐渍大厅<span lang="EN-US"> </span>盐渍食药用菌需要经过选菇、漂洗、杀青、冷却、分级、制备饱和盐水及调酸剂、盐渍、倒缸、装桶、打包等工序。其中不少工序需要较大的面积。为了方便操作，能够流水作业，其设施最好建成大厅形式。面积根据生产规模而定。大厅应两面开门，门的大小要能进出中型汽车。这样就能做到一门进原料，二门出成品。两面墙壁均开较大窗户，以保持厅内光线充足<span lang="EN-US">,</span>空气流通。全部水泥抹地，并设排水沟渠。厅内水电齐备。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈥<span lang="EN-US"> </span>成品贮藏库<span lang="EN-US"> </span>贮藏加工成品的仓库，要求干燥、低温、通风，而又能防虫、防鼠。最好建在高燥及加工设施附近，还要方便运输。仓库面积根据产品数量而定。全部砖、石、水泥结构，为了防止外界冷热气候的影响，墙中间最好加填充物，库顶建成人字形或加铺绝热层。库门也应制成有绝热填充物的双层，且为封闭较严密的推拉门。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>七、生产材料<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>菌袋筒料<span lang="EN-US"> </span>经裁制后用于装培养料，灭菌后栽培。<span lang="EN-US">1</span>万只菌袋需<span lang="EN-US">60<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="70" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-70<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">。菌袋筒料有：<br/>1.</span></span>高密度低压聚乙烯<span lang="EN-US">(HDPE):</span>又称低压聚乙烯，是袋栽灰树花常用的一种理想筒料。呈蜡白色，半透明。其特点是质地柔韧，在低温条件下装料不易脆裂，竖向抗拉力强，但横向易撕裂。能耐<span lang="EN-US">115<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="135" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-135℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>高温。缺点是灭菌后袋与料间有空隙。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2</span>．低密度高压聚乙烯<span lang="EN-US">(LDPE):</span>又称高压聚乙烯。柔软，透明，韧性好，耐冲击，拉伸强度高<span lang="EN-US">;</span>但耐高温性能比低压聚乙烯差，所以不适用于熟料栽培，常用于生料栽培平菇。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3</span>．聚丙烯<span lang="EN-US">(PP):</span>强度好，透明度高，耐热性强，能经高温<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="132" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">132℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>不溶化。但在低温时抗冲击性较差，质地脆硬。优点是灭菌后袋与料紧贴无有空隙。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>袋栽食药用菌常用高密度低压聚乙烯或聚丙烯，袋的扁宽为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="17" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">17</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,</span>厚度一般为<span lang="EN-US">0.04<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue=".05" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-0.05<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">。筒径太大，装料多，灭菌不易透;</span></span>筒径太小，装料少，对于一个生长单元（袋）而言<span lang="EN-US">,</span>营养及水分不充足<span lang="EN-US">,</span>生物转化率偏低。此外，袋的口径粗细须与装袋机的出料口匹配，否则不便采用机械装袋。薄膜不能太厚，否则出袋少，成本增大<span lang="EN-US">;</span>太薄则容易破裂，引起杂菌污染。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>质量标准：<span lang="EN-US">①</span>要求以优质原料而非再生料吹制<span lang="EN-US">;②</span>薄膜厚薄均匀、筒的扁宽一致<span lang="EN-US">;③</span>无沙眼，无针孔，无凹凸不平<span lang="EN-US">;④</span>抗张强度好，不易断裂<span lang="EN-US">;⑤</span>耐高温，装料后经<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>灭菌，保持<span lang="EN-US">14-16</span>小时，不膨胀、不破裂、不溶化。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈡<span lang="EN-US"> </span>玻璃器材<span lang="EN-US"> </span>主要用于菌种分离及制备，常用的有：<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1.</span>试管<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于制作母种<span lang="EN-US">,</span>内口径在<span lang="EN-US">18<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-20<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">，长180<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="200" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-200<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>,</span></span>可根据制种量购置。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>菌种瓶<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于制作原种或栽培种<span lang="EN-US">,</span>白色透明，高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="200" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">200</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>，口径<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="30" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">30</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>，容量<span lang="EN-US">750</span>毫升。常用于培养各种灰树花的原种和栽培种。但此瓶成本较高，且瓶口小，不易掏瓶。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.</span>罐头瓶<span lang="EN-US"> </span>菌种瓶的代用品<span lang="EN-US">,</span>白色透明，高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="105" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">105</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>，口径<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="62" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">62</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>，容量<span lang="EN-US">500</span>毫升<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可用于培养灰树花原种。缺点是口径大，接种易被杂菌污染，也易散失水分。改进办法<span lang="EN-US">:</span>装料后先用中间开有直径<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="15" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">15</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>接种孔的<span lang="EN-US">12X<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="12" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">12<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">厘米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">的聚丙烯薄膜封口，上面再包扎一层15X<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="15" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">15<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">厘米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">的牛皮纸。接种时仅打开牛皮纸，从薄膜的接种口将菌种接入，迅速再将牛皮纸包好。<br/>4.</span></span></span>三角瓶<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于配制培养基和盛无菌水<span lang="EN-US">,</span>准备<span lang="EN-US">500</span>毫升及<span lang="EN-US">1000</span>毫升各<span lang="EN-US">2</span>个。</span>
myb
发表于 2009-11-2 06:51:45
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">5.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">烧杯<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于制备培养基，容量<span lang="EN-US">500</span>毫升<span lang="EN-US">2</span>个。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>6.</span>量筒或量杯<span lang="EN-US"> 500</span>毫升及<span lang="EN-US">1000</span>毫升各<span lang="EN-US">1</span>个。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>7.</span>漏斗<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于分装培养基，<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="9" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">9</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">X<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="17" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">17<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">厘米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>l</span>个。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>8.</span>广口瓶<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于盛放酒精或药品。<span lang="EN-US">500</span>毫升备<span lang="EN-US">2-3</span>个。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>9.</span>酒精灯<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于火焰接种，根据生产需要购置。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>10.</span>温度计<span lang="EN-US"> </span>测料温用玻璃温度计<span lang="EN-US">;</span>测培养室和栽培房的温湿度用干湿球温度计。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>11.</span>接种钩<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用于挖取菌种块接种。可用自行车辐条<span lang="EN-US">(</span>或不锈钢丝<span lang="EN-US">)</span>制作，将一端敲击成铲，磨光，弯<span lang="EN-US">2<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-3<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">成钩。<br/>12.</span></span>天平<span lang="EN-US"> </span>一般<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="克" sourcevalue="500" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">500</span>克</st1:chmetcnv>的药物天平即可。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>八、液体发酵设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>中、小型菌种厂如开发生产液体菌种或食药用菌多糖产品，必须购置适度规模的液体发酵生产设备。在三级发酵中，一、二两级为种子罐，第三级为生产罐。种子罐与生产罐由管道连接，使用前均要用高压蒸汽灭菌<span lang="EN-US">(</span>空消<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。用泵将培养液泵入各级罐体后，再次进行高压蒸汽灭菌<span lang="EN-US">(</span>实消<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。所示。在接种后，根据工艺要求调节罐温、罐压、搅拌速度和通气量。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>GY</span>系列小型液体菌种发酵罐是工业发酵的小型发酵设备，考虑了食药用菌生长特性及其深层发酵培养所需的条件，是国内推广使用的液体菌种生产专门设备，其容积从<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="升" sourcevalue="70" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">70</span>升</st1:chmetcnv>到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="升" sourcevalue="7000" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">7000</span>升</st1:chmetcnv>较为有可选性，可连续进行一、二、三级发酵，在整个生产过程中可实现自动控制。全套发酵系统由发酵罐、蒸汽发生器、灭菌、通气搅拌、电器控制、自动出料等系统组成。 <span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>发酵罐系统<span lang="EN-US">: </span>由一、二、三级罐组成，罐体容积逐级按<span lang="EN-US">10</span>倍比例放大。罐体之间用管道、阀门接连组成一个整体。罐身为不锈钢双层筒体，夹层中装有电加热管和温度传感器，可以加热升温，也可通过冷却水降温，可根据不同菌类的生长要求维持恒温条件。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>电热灭菌系统<span lang="EN-US">: </span>由电热蒸汽发生器等组成，用蒸汽发生器生产蒸汽对管道、过滤器、发酵罐等进行空消和实消。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>通气搅拌系统<span lang="EN-US">:</span>本系统由无油气泵、空气过滤器、喷头等组成。利用无菌空气通入发酵罐，通过搅拌作用，使溶解氧能均匀分布在发酵液中。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>电器控制系统<span lang="EN-US">: </span>由温度自动控制仪、温度传感器、电加热管等组成，调节温度控制仪，可达到目动控制温度的目的。<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span>
syxjy
发表于 2009-11-2 19:41:17
<p>学习了， 顶！！！</p>
zhaosigui
发表于 2009-11-3 06:41:54
噢 对不起，错了。 不是20平方米，应该是8—10平方米。
