[分享]食药用菌企业建设
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">食药用菌生产做为县、乡经济的一项产业发展,需要建立低耗高效的产业体系,食药用菌生产企业是<span lang="EN-US">“</span>龙头<span lang="EN-US">” </span>,具有示范效应。一般而言,食药用菌企业需要具有相辅相成的三项生产功能:一是菌种生产<span lang="EN-US">;</span>二是栽培示范<span lang="EN-US">;</span>三是产品购销。企业的建设是否合理,关系到其生产效率及经济效益的高低甚至其生存发展。依据企业规模大小可分为<span lang="EN-US">3</span>种类型<span lang="EN-US">:<br/></span>小型企业<span lang="EN-US">: </span>如庭园式的家庭菇场,利用空余房间及房前屋后的闲地进行生产,规模较小,设备简单,投资亦少,自产自销。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>中型企业<span lang="EN-US">: </span>投资较大,操作是半机械半手工,生产效率较高,有组织产品内销的能力。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>现代化企业<span lang="EN-US">:</span>具有专业公司性质,规模较大,生产设施与设备较先进,生产效益高。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>食用菌企业的生产效率高低,决定于其设施与设备的机械化水平。经济效益如何,取决于其经营管理水平、总产值及生产成本的高低。企业建设必须进行市场和投资环境的调查,然后对投资额进行详细预算,对项目做经济效益方面的预测。如果投资及市场环境较理想,就要尽快筹集资金,做好规划设计,组织施工、购置设备、试产投产。以下介绍中型食用菌企业的建设。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>一、设计原则<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>场址选择<span lang="EN-US"> </span>菌种生产与产品加工场地,应选择交通方便,水源充足,供电稳定的地方。地形开阔,排水防涝,环境清洁,周围<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="50" unitname="米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">50</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>以内没有酱醋作坊及饲料厂等,以免杂菌及害虫侵害<span lang="EN-US">;</span>也不能有废气、废水、废料污染严重的工厂。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈡<span lang="EN-US"> </span>建筑要求<span lang="EN-US"> </span>菌种生产厂房及加工车间,最好是砖石或水泥建筑,厂房能密闭、隔热和保温,光线充足,能通风换气,要装有水电及暖气设施。室内外地面及排水沟必须用水泥或砖石铺设,以便清洗冲刷和消毒灭菌。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈢<span lang="EN-US"> </span>布局安排<span lang="EN-US"> </span>根据食药用菌菌种生产、示范栽培及产品购销等方面的需要,生产场所应包括制种、栽培、仓库、管理等<span lang="EN-US">4</span>大功能区,布局可参考图<span lang="EN-US">5-1</span>,做规划时须注意的原则如下:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>食药用菌生产场布局<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1.</span>制种生产区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>与配料<span lang="EN-US">→</span>灭菌<span lang="EN-US">→</span>接种<span lang="EN-US">→</span>培养等工序相对应的场所是:配料灭菌车间、冷却室、接种室、培养室。这<span lang="EN-US">4</span>部分必须连贯起来形成<span lang="EN-US">"</span>一条龙<span lang="EN-US">"</span>式的流水作业线,以提高工作效率。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span>配料及灭菌室为有菌区,冷却室、接种室为无菌区。灭菌罐最好设双门<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一门与有菌区相通,以便装罐灭菌<span lang="EN-US">;</span>另一门与无菌区相通,以便出罐降温,两侧的罐门不能同时开放,以保证无菌区洁净。培养室内设多层培养架,除人行及运输过道外,培养架占地面积为培养室总面积的<span lang="EN-US">65%</span>。冷却室要有通风降温装置。培养室要有暖气及空调设备。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>每天菌种的生产量同冷却室、接种室和培养架的比例大约为<span lang="EN-US">500:5:1:6</span>。设每天生产<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>菌种,冷却室约需<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="20" unitname="平方米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>,接种室<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="平方米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>,培养架面积约为<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="24" unitname="平方米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">24</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>原料贮备区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>食药用菌生产原料一般都是农林副产品和下脚料,体积大,尘埃多,且隐藏火患,因此原料贮存区与制种生产区须隔离而设。此外,种瓶等不少器具需要洗刷,拌料装袋(瓶)需用机电,因此配料及装瓶(袋)区必须设水、电源,洗涤池、排水道,力求布局合理,使用方便。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.</span>辅助设施区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>食药用菌生产要求卫生洁净,因此制种区应远离生活区如堆煤场、锅炉房、食堂、浴室、公侧等。此外还要搞好环境绿化。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>4.</span>示范栽培区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>为试验新品种,探索新技术,须设示范栽培区。栽培室(场)应远离菌种生产车间,尤其不能与接种室、<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>培养室和菌种库相邻。因为出菇时子实体散发的孢子<span lang="EN-US">(</span>尤其栽培平菇更应注意<span lang="EN-US">)</span>及所发生的病虫害会污染环境。此外,须设废料及垃圾处理区。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>5.</span>办公管理区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>规模稍大的食药用菌企业都有产品购销业务。办公管理区要设在冲要处,以方便购销业务。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>6.</span>产品加工区<span lang="EN-US"> </span>食药用菌采收后需要加工,以便保存及销售。常用的加工工艺有干制、制罐、盐渍等,要进行这些加工,就得建设相应的加工设施。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>二、制种设施<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>菌种生产是食药用菌专业户的的重要生产内容,所需设施如下:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种室<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种室为高度洁净的无菌区,一般长宽各<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>左右,高约<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2.2" unitname="米" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">2.2</span>米</st1:chmetcnv></span> 对塑料薄膜接种帐,我有一个更简单的制作方式:<br/>取一块6*8米(根据实际接种需要决定尺寸大小),每边留约2米左右的边(根据实际高度要求),在每角边的2米的交接处揪起,用绳扎起作吊起用。在吊挂接种帐时,底边留约30cm作压边用。通风、进出时掀起一角即可。<br/>其他自己琢磨。<br/>这样一个约20平方米左右的简易接种室即建好。 <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>zhaosigui</i>在2009-11-2 7:04:32的发言:</b><br/>对塑料薄膜接种帐,我有一个更简单的制作方式:<br/>取一块6*8米(根据实际接种需要决定尺寸大小),每边留约2米左右的边(根据实际高度要求),在每角边的2米的交接处揪起,用绳扎起作吊起用。在吊挂接种帐时,底边留约30cm作压边用。通风、进出时掀起一角即可。<br/>其他自己琢磨。<br/>这样一个约20平方米左右的简易接种室即建好。 </div><p>很好,有好经验大家共享。谢谢你!</p> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">墙顶装紫外线灯和日光灯各<span lang="EN-US">1</span>盏。地面光洁有下水道,墙壁用防水涂料或油漆刷白,便于冲洗消毒。接种室外间为缓冲室,其长度与接种室相同,宽<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。缓冲室墙顶也装紫外线灯和日光灯各<span lang="EN-US">l</span>盏,壁上有挂衣架。接种室和缓冲室的门均应为推拉门结构。<span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span>接<span lang="EN-US"> </span>种<span lang="EN-US"> </span>室<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>紫外线灯用于空气消毒,既干净又无污染,是一种很好的消毒方法,因而长期被广泛地采用。紫外线灯管以悬吊在顶棚下为宜,一般应按装在离操作台<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1.5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">1.5</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>处。紫外线作用最适温度为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="26.7" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">26.7℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>。在潮湿情况下,效果降低。紫外线灯一般在最初使用的<span lang="EN-US">100</span>小时中很快降低功率,故需在使用<span lang="EN-US">100</span>小时后测定其强度<span lang="EN-US">(</span>用紫外线光度计测<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。如功率下降为原有功率的<span lang="EN-US">70%</span>时,就认为失效了,应当即时更换。若不即时更换,不但没有杀菌效力,这个能量还会有利于细菌生长。紫外线灯管的维护极为重要,至少<span lang="EN-US">2-4</span>周,甚至每周清洁一次。可用干净软布或酒精润湿过的棉花轻轻擦,要避免在玻璃上产生痕迹,禁止用有油或有腊的布擦,装卸灯管要避兔用手直接接触灯管表面,以防灯管发生失透现象。在使用中,操作人员的眼睛和皮肤切不可直接暴露在紫外线灯光照射下,以防受伤害。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>接种室单独使用紫外线照射,而不同时进行无菌通风,是不能达到无菌要求的,其原因是<span lang="EN-US">:<br/>1.</span>辐射面积有限<span lang="EN-US"> </span>紫外线虽有很强的表面杀菌效果,但有效辐射面积有限,即使在应用合理的情况下,也不能杀死空气中全部细菌。因此,还需要配合使用化学灭菌及空气过滤法,来滤除未被杀死的细菌。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>穿透力弱<span lang="EN-US"> </span>细菌多数依附在灰尘上,而紫外线穿透力较弱,对灰尘上的<span lang="EN-US">(</span>特别是较大颗粒<span lang="EN-US">)</span>细菌,灭活效果并不彻底,而无菌通风是移除灰尘必不可少的措施。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.</span>通风不良<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种室为密闭房间,不能自然通风,如果不采用人工通风,则由于人汗及料瓶(袋)水份的蒸发增加了室内温度和湿度,致使细菌和霉菌繁殖,且不利于操作人员的身体健康。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>条件允许时,应安装空气过滤装置,以滤除杂菌灰尘。无菌通风设备一般是由离心鼓风机、装有滤板的风箱和风道组成。理想的通风设备应有加热或和冷却空气的装置。无菌空气应自室顶棚中央进入,而由房间的下角风口排出,排风的方向应先经过缓冲间,再经过更衣室。标准接种室的气压应保持正压,大约高出室外<span lang="EN-US">0.3-0.5</span>大气压,这样就防止了外界不洁空气的反流。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>总之,接种室的空气处理,既不能单靠通风,也不能单靠紫外线照射,必须二者结合起来才能达到室内空气净化的目的。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>接种室内也可设置超净工作台,利用其过滤除菌的原理,先将空气过滤到无菌,然后将无菌空气从风洞处朝一个方向吹出,使工作台面成为局部无菌状态。<span lang="EN-US"><br/> </span>超净工作台<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>生物粒子如细菌及真菌孢子的直径大部分在<span lang="EN-US">0.5μm</span>左右,因它们不能独立存在,都寄附于尘埃上而成为一个群体,凝聚直径都大于<span lang="EN-US">0.5μm</span>,故高效空气过滤器在除尘时除了菌。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>接种室或超净工作台的洁净度如何,可用简便方法检验<span lang="EN-US">:<br/></span>在接种工作台上,以平均间隔位置摆放平皿<span lang="EN-US">3</span>个<span lang="EN-US">,</span>每个皿内装营养丰富并经灭菌的固体培养基约<span lang="EN-US">20</span>毫升。打开皿盖暴露培养基<span lang="EN-US">30</span>分钟再盖上,于<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="37" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">37℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>培养<span lang="EN-US">48</span>小时检查菌落数,平均每个皿中不超过<span lang="EN-US">4</span>个为除菌合格。洁净度基本达到<span lang="EN-US">100</span>级(国际标准:空气中<span lang="EN-US">≥0.5</span>微米的尘埃的量<span lang="EN-US">≤3.5</span>粒<span lang="EN-US">/L</span>,即达到<span lang="EN-US">100</span>级,)。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈡<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种箱<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在资金与场地条件都不充裕的情况下,可用接种箱因陋就简进行接种。接种箱的顶部两侧呈倾斜状,斜面为可开闭的窗门,窗门与箱框需密闭。箱底部两侧箱壁上各有两孔,孔上装袖套,接种时手由袖套伸入箱内操作。箱内有紫外线灯和日光灯。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>双人接种箱<span lang="EN-US"> (</span>单位<span lang="EN-US">:</span>厘米<span lang="EN-US">)<br/></span>(三)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种帐<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种是菌种生产最关键的一道工序,而接种场所又直接关系着接种的成功与否。采用接种箱接种,缺点是其密封性能差、空间小而操作不便;接种室空间太大,致使消毒难以彻底,染菌率高。为解决此类问题,采用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>蚊帐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式塑料接种棚,效果很好。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1. </span>制作<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>蚊帐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式塑料接种棚用<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>宽、<span lang="EN-US">5</span>丝厚的农用塑料薄膜制做。接种棚的规格长<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">×</span>宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">×</span>高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。制作起来极为简便,先剪取<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="13.5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">13.5</span>米</st1:chmetcnv></span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">长的塑料簿膜作为<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>见方的接种棚围墙,另取<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>长的薄膜作为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>棚顶<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。然后用塑料封口机或电烙铁将二块薄膜沿边封好,在棚的一侧留有一条掩合的交接线,作为接种棚的门,供接种人员进出和通风排湿用,在接种棚四个顶角各系一条绳子,便于吊挂。这样一个<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>见方的类似蚊帐的塑料接种棚便制成了。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>使用前先清理接种场地,再将接种棚吊挂起来,棚高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="2.5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">2.5</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>,余<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue=".5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">0.5</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>折向棚内。然后将冷却的菌棒搬入棚内,沿棚壁堆放,将塑料棚折起部份压紧压实。棚中留一块空地,供放接种桌和工作人员走动。准备就绪后,关闭接种棚进行消毒。接种完毕后菌棒可就地培养,用种块直接封口,待菌丝团长到<span lang="EN-US">5</span>~<span lang="EN-US">10</span>厘米后再摘棚。每次可接<span lang="EN-US">1000</span>袋菌棒,接种时间<span lang="EN-US">5</span>小时左右。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2. </span>效果<span lang="EN-US"> </span>为了验证<span lang="EN-US">“</span>蚊帐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式塑料接种棚的接种效果,进行了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>棚接<span lang="EN-US">”</span>与<span lang="EN-US">“</span>室接<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的对比试验,每个对比试验的接种时间、地点、天气、人员、消毒方法、菌种质量及原料配方相同或基本相同。结果表明,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>蚊帐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式塑料棚接种<span lang="EN-US">2</span>万袋,发菌成品率达<span lang="EN-US">93</span>%;而接种室接种<span lang="EN-US">2</span>万袋,发菌成品率仅<span lang="EN-US">84</span>%,<span lang="EN-US">“</span>棚接<span lang="EN-US">”</span>比<span lang="EN-US">“</span>室接<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的接种成功率高<span lang="EN-US">9</span>%。主要原因一是接种棚大小适宜且密封性能好;二是环境比较卫生,每次接种前便对接种棚进行一次清洗或翻晒,而且菌袋就地培养,不容易破损污染。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3. </span>结论<span lang="EN-US"> </span>同接种室<span lang="EN-US">(</span>箱<span lang="EN-US">)</span>相比,接种棚更具优越性:<span lang="EN-US">①</span>成本低。制作一个<span lang="EN-US">“</span>蚊帐<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式接种棚只用三十几元钱,是接种箱的<span lang="EN-US">1/5</span>,而且制作简单,一般可连续使用三年。<span lang="EN-US">②</span>劳动效率高。一般接种箱每小时仅接<span lang="EN-US">25</span>个菌棒左右,接种棚每小时可达<span lang="EN-US">50</span>棒以上,而且就地培养发菌,不再用其他东西封口,省去了许多劳力。相比之下,接种棚的工作效率要比接种箱提高一倍多。<span lang="EN-US">③</span>成品率高。试验表明,由于接种棚克服了接种箱<span lang="EN-US">(</span>室<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的缺点,密封性能好,环境消毒彻底,接种成活率高达<span lang="EN-US">89.1%</span>,比接种箱<span lang="EN-US">(</span>室<span lang="EN-US">)</span>提高<span lang="EN-US">14.4</span>%。<span lang="EN-US">④</span>操作简易,灵活方便。只要房屋有干净空地就能将它做为接种和培养的场所。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈤<span lang="EN-US"> </span>培养室<span lang="EN-US"> </span>接种后的瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>需要在适温条件下培养。为提高建筑面积的利用率<span lang="EN-US">,</span>室内可设置菌种架。架数、层次、层距等的设计除考虑培养空间的利用率外<span lang="EN-US">,</span>还应顾及摆放瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>及检查的方便性。床架可以是竹木结构,也可以用角钢制作。架上铺以木板或塑料板,以便摆放菌种瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。架子的大小规格,依房间大小而定。中间摆放的床架,宽度为<span lang="EN-US">1.2<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1.4" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-1.4<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>;</span>依墙摆放的床架,宽度<span lang="EN-US">0.7<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue=".9" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-0.9<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">即可。床架的层数视菇房高度而定,</span></span>一般<span lang="EN-US">5-6</span>层,每层相距<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue=".5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">0.5</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>左右,底层距地面<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue=".3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">0.3</span>米</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,</span>顶层距屋顶至少<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。为了便于调温、调湿、换气,培养室应设地窗并安装空调。地窗设纱窗,保温时关闭,换气时开启。发菌期保持无光培养<span lang="EN-US">,</span>检查时采用手持式工作照明灯或开日光灯。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈥<span lang="EN-US"> </span>泡沫塑板菇房<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在灰树花生产中,菇棚是其主要栽培设施,普遍使用的有砖墙结构的改良式菇棚、半地下式土菇棚、竹木结构塑料棚、简易遮阳小拱棚等,这些设施虽然成本较低,在生产中发挥了主导作用,但存在一些问题,如保温、保湿效果不理想,不容易调节;杂菌污染严重,特别是粗糙的墙壁、地面及屋顶,病虫不易彻底消除,且由于常年潮湿、竹木架、苇箔易烂腐朽,石灰或泥土墙壁易脱落,棚室的使用寿命短。<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/>1.</span>新型菇房的结构<span lang="EN-US"> </span>是以镀锌镍薄壁钢管组成骨架的装配式菇房,顶部是拱形,采用各种专用卡具及部件连接安装。菇房长度<span lang="EN-US">10<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="15" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-15<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,跨度<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="6" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">6<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,肩高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="2.4" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">2.4<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,拱顶高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="3.2" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">3.2<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">。菇房走向为南北向,东西长,南北两侧设通风窗及排气地窗,安装换气扇,拱顶设天窗,门安置在东边山墙上。整个结构组装方便,基本构件均在工厂制造生产。地基用角钢及铁丝将钢管骨架底脚连成一体埋入土层,以保证抵抗风载的向上力或雪载的向下压力。菇房地面抹水泥。菇房覆盖材料为三层,外层及内层为塑料薄膜,</span></span></span></span></span>中间一层为泡沫塑料板,用专用卡具固定在骨架上。覆盖材料可使用<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年以上,骨架可使用<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年以上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>新型菇房的性能<span lang="EN-US"> <br/>⑴</span>保温隔热性能良好,<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.sogou.com/sogoupedia?query=冬暖夏凉" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><span lang="EN-US">冬暖夏凉</span></span></a></span>。<span lang="EN-US">12</span>月中下旬,在北京测试结果<span lang="EN-US">,</span>外界气温<span lang="EN-US">-7</span>至<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="15.5" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">-15.5℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>时,菇房内<span lang="EN-US">6<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-10℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>,而普通砖结构菇棚为<span lang="EN-US">0</span>至<span lang="EN-US"> <st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">5℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>。<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月中旬,当外界最高气温<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="34" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">34℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>时<span lang="EN-US">,</span>菇房最高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="26" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">26℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>,普通菇棚最高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="l" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">3l</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">℃</span>。如果在冬季寒冷天气适当增温,炎热季节适当降温,可以周年栽培灰树花。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑵</span>保湿性能良好。根据不同天气,每日在菇房内喷洒水<span lang="EN-US">1-2</span>次,能保持<span lang="EN-US">80%-95%</span>的空气相对湿度,而且保湿时间比普通菇房持久,便于调节。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑶</span>菇房温度比较稳定。在密闭门窗的情况下,昼夜温差明显小于普遍菇房,</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">适宜培养菌种及恒温结实的灰树花。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑷</span>通风换气、降温排湿效果好。由于菇房设有对流窗口,室内空气新鲜<span lang="EN-US">,</span>同时利于调节温、湿度。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑸</span>菇房内光线充足。由于可拉帘能进行光线强弱的控制,散射光分布比较均匀,利于灰树花发育及其色、香、味的生成。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/>3.</span>新型菇房的应用<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑴ </span>温度管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在春秋两季,菇房内的自然温度基本符合灰树花生长发育的条件。在进行夏季反季节栽培,可利用降温措施满足灰树花的发育条件,如在棚顶覆盖遮阳网降温,室内采用风机强制通风,有条件的地方可安装湿帘系统进行降温,效果更为明显,可保持室内<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">25℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>以下的温度条件。冬季可以采取加温的方法提高菇房内温度,保持在<span lang="EN-US">l<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">5℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>左右。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/>⑵</span>湿度管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>新型菇房保湿效果明显,在栽培管理过程中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>根据室内具体湿度变化情况及天气状况进行管理,在阴雨天不喷水,晴天每天喷<span lang="EN-US">1-2</span>次水,结合通风,以防湿度过大而烂菇。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑶</span>通气管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在自然温度适宜灰树花生长的季节里,门窗经常打开,室内空气比较新鲜。在夏季防高温高湿,每次喷水后或阴雨天要加大通风量;冬季生产由于需要保温,通风次数相对较少,但要保证菇房内空气新鲜。要注意通风透气,利用地窗及天窗每天要通风<span lang="EN-US">2-3</span>次<span lang="EN-US">,</span>每次<span lang="EN-US">10-15</span>分钟。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑷</span>新型菇房合理利用<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在人力、物力、技术条件允许的情况下,根据季节选择不同温型的种类和品种,提高复种指数,提高单位面积产量,力争多收。同时要根据市场需求进行栽培品种搭配,尽量选择紧俏、经济价值高、宜鲜宜干的品种。如进行灰树花<span lang="EN-US">-</span>金针菇的周年生产,亦可用做菌种或栽培袋的发菌库。<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span>三、<span lang="EN-US"> </span>灭菌设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>年生产能力<span lang="EN-US">20-50</span>万瓶(袋)菌种,加工<span lang="EN-US">300-500</span>吨盐渍菇的食药用菌生产厂,必须安装<span lang="EN-US">1-2</span>吨的高压蒸气锅炉。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span>生产所用的灭菌设备分为<span lang="EN-US">2</span>类,第一类是高压高温(<span lang="EN-US">1.5<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="2" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-2<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>/</span>平方厘米,<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="125" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">125℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>以上)灭菌罐,适合正规的食药用菌厂采用。这类设备的造价每台在<span lang="EN-US">2-10</span>万元之间,价格高低主要取决于型号大小与建造水平。第二类是不同造型的常压常温灭菌灶(炉),投资少,较安全,适用于农户生产。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压灭菌设备<span lang="EN-US"> </span>主要构造与功能为<span lang="EN-US">:</span>罐体内放置瓶(袋)等灭菌物<span lang="EN-US">;</span>压力表指示锅内压力及温度<span lang="EN-US">;</span>排气阀排除冷空气<span lang="EN-US">;</span>安全阀在超过规定的压力时自动放气降压。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压灭菌设备及其适用范围<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>设<span lang="EN-US"> </span>备<span lang="EN-US"> </span>参考价<span lang="EN-US"> </span>消耗能源<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用<span lang="EN-US"> </span>途<span lang="EN-US"> </span>生<span lang="EN-US"> </span>产<span lang="EN-US"> </span>效<span lang="EN-US"> </span>率<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>手提高压灭菌器<span lang="EN-US"> 800</span>元<span lang="EN-US"> 2</span>千瓦<span lang="EN-US">/</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"> </span>母种制备<span lang="EN-US"> 100</span>支<span lang="EN-US">/2</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>卧式圆形灭菌罐<span lang="EN-US"> 2</span>万元<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压锅炉<span lang="EN-US"> </span>制栽培种<span lang="EN-US"> 1200</span>瓶<span lang="EN-US">/4</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>卧式方形灭菌柜<span lang="EN-US"> 6</span>万元<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压锅炉<span lang="EN-US"> </span>制栽培种<span lang="EN-US"> 500</span>瓶<span lang="EN-US">/4</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span>利用高压蒸气设备灭菌时,应注意以下<span lang="EN-US">2</span>点:<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1. </span>灭菌罐内的菌种瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>排列密度须适当,使蒸汽畅通,无死角。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>灭菌罐内冷空气必须排尽,通蒸汽后<span lang="EN-US">;</span>打开排气阀,随着罐内温度上升。锅内冷空气便逐渐排出。当有大量蒸汽从排气阀中排出时,再关闭排气阀。灭菌结束后,让其自然冷却。当压力指针回到<span lang="EN-US">0</span>位时,打开罐盖<span lang="EN-US">1/4</span>开度,利用余热烘烤棉塞,防止骤冷产生冷凝水。然后趁热取出,送入清洁的冷却室进行冷却。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>常压灭菌锅<span lang="EN-US"> </span>一般农户用常压灭菌锅,其容积可大小,依生产量而定。常压灶经济实用,容量大,可自行建造,因灭菌温度不高于<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>,基质中的养分不易破坏。但灭菌时间长,燃料耗费多。常压灭菌锅(图<span lang="EN-US">5-5</span>)的建造要点是<span lang="EN-US">∶</span>在灶台上用砖砌<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>高的蒸汽室,锅盖用镀锌铁皮做成伞形,盖顶留有温度计插孔。在锅与烟囱之间的火道上安一个预热水锅,烟道余热将锅内水加热,不断地补入锅中补充损耗的水,节省能源。常压灭菌应注意以下事项<span lang="EN-US">∶<br/>1. </span>灭菌袋或瓶在锅内不能挤压,层与层之间要用层屉或菌袋筐分开,便于蒸汽在锅内均匀流通。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2. </span>当点火发生蒸汽时,打开下面的排气孔,排出冷空气。当有直冲蒸汽排出时,即可关闭排气孔,待温度升到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>时,开始计时,连续保持<span lang="EN-US">8</span>小时以上。</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">适宜培养菌种及恒温结实的灰树花。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑷</span>通风换气、降温排湿效果好。由于菇房设有对流窗口,室内空气新鲜<span lang="EN-US">,</span>同时利于调节温、湿度。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑸</span>菇房内光线充足。由于可拉帘能进行光线强弱的控制,散射光分布比较均匀,利于灰树花发育及其色、香、味的生成。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/>3.</span>新型菇房的应用<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑴ </span>温度管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在春秋两季,菇房内的自然温度基本符合灰树花生长发育的条件。在进行夏季反季节栽培,可利用降温措施满足灰树花的发育条件,如在棚顶覆盖遮阳网降温,室内采用风机强制通风,有条件的地方可安装湿帘系统进行降温,效果更为明显,可保持室内<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">25℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>以下的温度条件。冬季可以采取加温的方法提高菇房内温度,保持在<span lang="EN-US">l<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">5℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>左右。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/>⑵</span>湿度管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>新型菇房保湿效果明显,在栽培管理过程中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>根据室内具体湿度变化情况及天气状况进行管理,在阴雨天不喷水,晴天每天喷<span lang="EN-US">1-2</span>次水,结合通风,以防湿度过大而烂菇。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑶</span>通气管理<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在自然温度适宜灰树花生长的季节里,门窗经常打开,室内空气比较新鲜。在夏季防高温高湿,每次喷水后或阴雨天要加大通风量;冬季生产由于需要保温,通风次数相对较少,但要保证菇房内空气新鲜。要注意通风透气,利用地窗及天窗每天要通风<span lang="EN-US">2-3</span>次<span lang="EN-US">,</span>每次<span lang="EN-US">10-15</span>分钟。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>⑷</span>新型菇房合理利用<span lang="EN-US"> </span>在人力、物力、技术条件允许的情况下,根据季节选择不同温型的种类和品种,提高复种指数,提高单位面积产量,力争多收。同时要根据市场需求进行栽培品种搭配,尽量选择紧俏、经济价值高、宜鲜宜干的品种。如进行灰树花<span lang="EN-US">-</span>金针菇的周年生产,亦可用做菌种或栽培袋的发菌库。<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span>三、<span lang="EN-US"> </span>灭菌设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>年生产能力<span lang="EN-US">20-50</span>万瓶(袋)菌种,加工<span lang="EN-US">300-500</span>吨盐渍菇的食药用菌生产厂,必须安装<span lang="EN-US">1-2</span>吨的高压蒸气锅炉。<span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span>生产所用的灭菌设备分为<span lang="EN-US">2</span>类,第一类是高压高温(<span lang="EN-US">1.5<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="2" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-2<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>/</span>平方厘米,<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="125" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">125℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>以上)灭菌罐,适合正规的食药用菌厂采用。这类设备的造价每台在<span lang="EN-US">2-10</span>万元之间,价格高低主要取决于型号大小与建造水平。第二类是不同造型的常压常温灭菌灶(炉),投资少,较安全,适用于农户生产。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压灭菌设备<span lang="EN-US"> </span>主要构造与功能为<span lang="EN-US">:</span>罐体内放置瓶(袋)等灭菌物<span lang="EN-US">;</span>压力表指示锅内压力及温度<span lang="EN-US">;</span>排气阀排除冷空气<span lang="EN-US">;</span>安全阀在超过规定的压力时自动放气降压。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压灭菌设备及其适用范围<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>设<span lang="EN-US"> </span>备<span lang="EN-US"> </span>参考价<span lang="EN-US"> </span>消耗能源<span lang="EN-US"> </span>用<span lang="EN-US"> </span>途<span lang="EN-US"> </span>生<span lang="EN-US"> </span>产<span lang="EN-US"> </span>效<span lang="EN-US"> </span>率<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>手提高压灭菌器<span lang="EN-US"> 800</span>元<span lang="EN-US"> 2</span>千瓦<span lang="EN-US">/</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"> </span>母种制备<span lang="EN-US"> 100</span>支<span lang="EN-US">/2</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>卧式圆形灭菌罐<span lang="EN-US"> 2</span>万元<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压锅炉<span lang="EN-US"> </span>制栽培种<span lang="EN-US"> 1200</span>瓶<span lang="EN-US">/4</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>卧式方形灭菌柜<span lang="EN-US"> 6</span>万元<span lang="EN-US"> </span>高压锅炉<span lang="EN-US"> </span>制栽培种<span lang="EN-US"> 500</span>瓶<span lang="EN-US">/4</span>小时<span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span>利用高压蒸气设备灭菌时,应注意以下<span lang="EN-US">2</span>点:<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1. </span>灭菌罐内的菌种瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>排列密度须适当,使蒸汽畅通,无死角。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>灭菌罐内冷空气必须排尽,通蒸汽后<span lang="EN-US">;</span>打开排气阀,随着罐内温度上升。锅内冷空气便逐渐排出。当有大量蒸汽从排气阀中排出时,再关闭排气阀。灭菌结束后,让其自然冷却。当压力指针回到<span lang="EN-US">0</span>位时,打开罐盖<span lang="EN-US">1/4</span>开度,利用余热烘烤棉塞,防止骤冷产生冷凝水。然后趁热取出,送入清洁的冷却室进行冷却。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>(</span>一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>常压灭菌锅<span lang="EN-US"> </span>一般农户用常压灭菌锅,其容积可大小,依生产量而定。常压灶经济实用,容量大,可自行建造,因灭菌温度不高于<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>,基质中的养分不易破坏。但灭菌时间长,燃料耗费多。常压灭菌锅(图<span lang="EN-US">5-5</span>)的建造要点是<span lang="EN-US">∶</span>在灶台上用砖砌<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>高的蒸汽室,锅盖用镀锌铁皮做成伞形,盖顶留有温度计插孔。在锅与烟囱之间的火道上安一个预热水锅,烟道余热将锅内水加热,不断地补入锅中补充损耗的水,节省能源。常压灭菌应注意以下事项<span lang="EN-US">∶<br/>1. </span>灭菌袋或瓶在锅内不能挤压,层与层之间要用层屉或菌袋筐分开,便于蒸汽在锅内均匀流通。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2. </span>当点火发生蒸汽时,打开下面的排气孔,排出冷空气。当有直冲蒸汽排出时,即可关闭排气孔,待温度升到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="100" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">100℃</span></st1:chmetcnv>时,开始计时,连续保持<span lang="EN-US">8</span>小时以上。</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">微喷头<span lang="EN-US">(WP</span>型塑料全圆喷头<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,工作压为<span lang="EN-US">100</span>千帕,喷水量为<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="升" sourcevalue="48" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">48</span>升</st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">/</span>时,喷雾半径<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="280" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">280</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>。优点是安装容易,使用方便,适宜大面积栽培,喷雾范围大,一机多用,既增湿又可辅助降温。缺点是要求有一定的水压,水质清洁,否则易堵塞,要常通洗。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>高温季节食药用菌的生产管理主要是降温。有条件的地区,可采用冷气机或空调器,但投资较大、耗电量多。最节省投资的办法是棚顶加盖遮阳物,使之形成阴凉环境,在每日的高温期,从棚顶或棚内喷雾<span lang="EN-US">(</span>最好用井水<span lang="EN-US">)</span>降温,一般可降低<span lang="EN-US">3<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-5℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈤<span lang="EN-US"> </span>真空高效补水罐<span lang="EN-US"> </span>食药用菌栽培过程也就是生长发育的各阶段都需要培养料含适宜的水分,才能保证菌丝及菇体正常生长,实现优质高产。为此,栽培时须在培养料中加入一定比例的水。但培养料中含水量大,菌丝不吃料;含水量低,轻者影响产量,重者不能出菇。特别是出过一、二潮菇后,菌袋因大量失水而干瘪,致使出菇减少或不出菇,即使出菇质量也差,所以说菌料的后期补水是实现优质高产的关键技术。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>食药用菌袋栽的后期补水,现行方法有许多缺点,如:用喷雾或水管喷洒,内干外湿易造成死菇或菇体腐烂;压水注水,水分分布不均,菌丝稀松处水分偏大,菌丝致密处难以补水;泡袋浸水费工费力,补水程度难以掌握;覆土或泥墙,菇体沾泥土,影响质量。因此,料袋后期补水就成了的难题。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>保定瑞迪公司根据真空吸渗原理,试制成功了真空高效菌袋补<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>水罐。生产使用证明,补水罐工作效率高,不用脱袋,不伤菌丝和幼菇,补水均匀一致,效果良好。提高产量<span lang="EN-US">50%</span>以上,菇体肉厚、个重、韧性提高。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>补水罐由补水罐和真空泵两部分组成。使用时在罐内码放<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="cm" sourcevalue="17" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">17cm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> x<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="cm" sourcevalue="35" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">35cm</st1:chmetcnv></span>的菌棒<span lang="EN-US">200</span>个左右,注水没过菌棒,压紧罐盖,企动电动真空泵抽气而使罐内产生负压,将菌柱间及菌柱内微隙中的空气抽出,为液体渗透进菌柱创造了压差动力。补水前缺水量大的菌柱气隙大,排出的气体多,吸入的液体自然也多,做到了按需分配,最终达到快速均衡补水之目的。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>五、生产机具<span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span>食药用菌产业的发展带动了生产机械的不断发展。据不完全统计,目前我国已有<span lang="EN-US">60</span>多个厂家相继研制、仿造了各种类型的食药用菌生产机械,如原材料加工用的切片机、粉碎机<span lang="EN-US">;</span>配料搅拌机,装瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>机<span lang="EN-US">;</span>栽培管理用的喷药机、加湿机<span lang="EN-US">;</span>产品加工用的烘干机、切片机、分级机等。初步形成了食药用菌生产机械系列,有近百种型号。食药用菌生产机械的结构性能、工作原理等,各生产厂家均有详细说明书,此处不再赘述。以下仅介绍有关机械的适用范围和选购原则。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>切片机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>代表型号有<span lang="EN-US">ZQ-600</span>型和<span lang="EN-US">MQ-700</span>型。前者适用于枝桠切片,每小时可切木片<span lang="EN-US">1500<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="2000" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-2000<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,可切枝桠的直径为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="150" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">150<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">。后者适用木材<span lang="EN-US">切片,每小时可切木片1500<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="2000" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-2000<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,切木材的直径<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="200" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">200<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">以下。<br/></span></span></span></span></span></span>㈡<span lang="EN-US"> </span>粉碎机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>可对原材料进行第二道加工。代表型号有<span lang="EN-US">:</span>锯齿式粉碎机,适用于直径<span lang="EN-US">30<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="120" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-120<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">的杂木枝桠,1</span></span>次锯成屑,对其干湿度无任何要求,所需动力小,但有剩余段。锤片式粉碎机,适用于一定大小的碎木片,要求湿度不超过<span lang="EN-US">20%</span>,所需动力较大。组合式<span lang="EN-US">(MX-400)</span>,适用于直径<span lang="EN-US">11O<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="120" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-120<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">以下的杂木、枝桠、芦苇、桑枝、棉秆等,1</span></span>次加工成屑,对干湿度要求不大,需要动力介于上述二者之间。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈢<span lang="EN-US"> </span>拌料机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>拌料是制种的第一道工序。主要用于培养料配制后的混合搅拌,每小时可拌料<span lang="EN-US">800<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="1000" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-1000<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,每次投料为40<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="50" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-50<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>/3</span></span>分钟。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈣<span lang="EN-US"> </span>装瓶<span lang="EN-US">(</span>袋<span lang="EN-US">)</span>机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>据不完全统计,国产型号有<span lang="EN-US">30</span>多种,其中有代表性的<span lang="EN-US">5</span>种型号的适用范围、小时生产率如下<span lang="EN-US">:<br/>1.ZPD<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="a" sourcevalue="103" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-103A</st1:chmetcnv> </span>采用双层搅拌的喂料装置,物料不易架空<span lang="EN-US">;</span>采用胀紧轮离合操纵机构,避免电机的频繁起动<span lang="EN-US">;</span>小时耗电量<span lang="EN-US">0.3-0.7</span>千瓦。有的采用下层搅拌喂料装置,用电源操纵开关控制电机转停。小时耗电量为<span lang="EN-US">0.5</span>一<span lang="EN-US">0.55</span>千瓦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.ZDP3 </span>采用齿嵌式离合器操纵机构,动力切断及时、方便。小时耗电量为<span lang="EN-US">0.45-0.5</span>千瓦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.ZPD-l </span>搅龙轴端有一台阶并伸出套筒<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">10</span>毫米</st1:chmetcnv>,可达到内松外紧的装袋要求<span lang="EN-US">;</span>采用点动式开关控制电机转停。小时耗电量为<span lang="EN-US">0.6-0.7</span>千瓦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>4.6ZP<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="a" sourcevalue="500" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">500A</st1:chmetcnv> </span>采用旋转料斗喂料装置,避免物料架空<span lang="EN-US">;</span>设有机械换袋装置,实现装袋换袋的流水作业,生产率较高。小时耗电量为<span lang="EN-US">1.4-1.9</span>千瓦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>5.7Z-700</span>为双搅龙、双管式大料箱结构,装瓶效率高,还可兼作小型拌料机。小时耗电量为<span lang="EN-US">l-1.3</span>千瓦。</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">六、加工场地与设备<span lang="EN-US"> <br/></span>常用的食药用菌加工方式包括保鲜、干制、盐渍、制罐等。而要进行这些加工,就得有相应的加工设施。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈠<span lang="EN-US"> </span>晒场<span lang="EN-US"> </span>这是利用太阳能使新鲜食药用菌脱水干燥的加工设施。晒场应选择地势平坦、干燥、无遮荫的地方建造,面积视生产规模而定。全场用水泥抹平,要有干分之一左右的坡度以便排水。四周筑<span lang="EN-US">l<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="0" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">0<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">厘米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">高的场沿,排水的一面要留有排水口。<br/></span></span>㈡<span lang="EN-US"> </span>烘干室<span lang="EN-US"> </span>热风干燥室四周用砖砌成,全长<span lang="EN-US">8<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-10<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="2" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">2<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,分干燥室、散热管和送风设备三部分。干燥室长5<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="7" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-7<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,可放5-7</span></span></span></span>床筛架<span lang="EN-US">(</span>由角钢或木制,宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="180" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">180</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,长<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="90" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">90</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,放<span lang="EN-US">8</span>层菇筛,层距<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,每层放<span lang="EN-US">3</span>个菇筛,以竹制为佳,长<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="90" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">90</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="60" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,筛眼<span lang="EN-US">15<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="毫米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-20<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">毫米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>)</span>,墙上开有<span lang="EN-US">4</span>个<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>见方的玻璃窗,窗内各挂<span lang="EN-US">l</span>支温度表,以便观测温度。散热管由两行竖立钢管组成,每行<span lang="EN-US">6</span>根,每根粗<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="16" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">16</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,上端焊在两根粗<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>的横钢管上,下端焊在<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">10</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>厚、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="40" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">40</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>见方的钢板上。钢板下面是火坑,深<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="60" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>,宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="40" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">40</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>。火坑距干燥室<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>,坑墙外是烧火口。对面砌<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="80" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">80</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>见方、高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="4" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>的烟囱与火坑相连。送风设备是一台<span lang="EN-US">10</span>千瓦电动机带动的大型电风扇,安装在距散热管<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="30" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">30</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>处。电风扇后面墙上开<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="50" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">50</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>见方鱼鳞片式吸气窗,以增加通风量。为了排除灶内水分,干燥室上部有<span lang="EN-US">l</span>米高的排气层,并有一端上方开<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="厘米" sourcevalue="80" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">80</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>见方的通风天窗。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>根据上述概念所建成的隧道式热风干燥室示。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>隧道式热风干燥室示意图<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈢<span lang="EN-US"> </span>烘干机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>又称脱水机。主要用于食药用菌干品加工。该类机械有大、中、小型之分,烘干鲜菇的量分别为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="500" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">500</span>千克</st1:chmetcnv>以上、<span lang="EN-US">200<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="500" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-500<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="200" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">200<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">。代表性的机型特点如下:<br/>1.6XGH-500 </span></span></span>内置式<span lang="EN-US">1</span>次交换热风炉供热装置,以煤、柴为燃料。由<span lang="EN-US">4</span>台轴流风机横向送风,强制热风平行穿过菇层流动循环,温、湿度由人工调节进风门和排湿窗的大小来控制。烘干室有<span lang="EN-US">3</span>个分室,总铺放面积约<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="58" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">58</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.ZF-l </span>内置式电热供热装置。由<span lang="EN-US">1</span>台轴流风机纵向送风,强制热风从下而上连续穿过菇层流动循环,温度自动控制,通过机械装置可调节排湿窗开度,机械化、自动化程度较高,烘干窒分两室。总铺放面积<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="14" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">14</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.FS-1400 </span>外置式两次交换热风炉供热装置,以煤、柴为燃料。由<span lang="EN-US">2</span>台轴流风机横向送风,热风的流动方式和温、湿度控制同<span lang="EN-US">6XGH-500</span>机。烘干室有<span lang="EN-US">8</span>个分室,总铺放面积<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="82" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">82</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>4.MG-600 </span>外置式<span lang="EN-US">1</span>次交换热风炉供热装置,以煤或柴为燃料。由<span lang="EN-US">1</span>台离心式风机强制热风自下而上连续穿过菇层,热风不能循环使用。单一烘干室,总铺放面积<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="4.2" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">4.2</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>5.5HB-10 </span>外置式混合交换热风炉供热装置,以煤、柴或炭为燃料。热风靠自然对流,温度通过调节风门控制。单一烘干室,总铺放面积<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">10</span>平方米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>上述<span lang="EN-US">5</span>种小型脱水机的主要技术性能综合<span lang="EN-US"> </span>小型脱水机的生产率和能耗量<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>烘<span lang="EN-US"> </span>干<span lang="EN-US"> </span>机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>型<span lang="EN-US"> 6XGH-600 ZF-1 FS-1400 MG-600 5HB-10<br/></span>装鲜菇量<span lang="EN-US">(</span>千克<span lang="EN-US">) 510 100 440 63 40<br/></span>小时生产率(千克<span lang="EN-US">/</span>小时)<span lang="EN-US"> 2.7 1.5 1.97 4 0.31<br/></span>干燥强度(千克<span lang="EN-US">/</span>时)<span lang="EN-US"> 0.39 0.48 0.25 5.72 0.21<br/></span>耗热量(千焦<span lang="EN-US">/</span>每升水)<span lang="EN-US"> 5912 6586 14009 5208 12267<br/></span>热效率(<span lang="EN-US">%</span>)<span lang="EN-US"> 39.9 37.7 17.3 45.4 20.4<br/></span>湿度不均匀度(<span lang="EN-US">℃</span>)<span lang="EN-US"> 6 8 8 3<br/><br/></span>选购脱水机,应根据当地食药用菌日生产量、燃料来源和电力供应等情况来确定机房面积。小型脱水厂的建筑面积为<span lang="EN-US">30<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="50" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-50<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">平方米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,大型脱水厂(</span></span>日吞鲜菇量<span lang="EN-US">3-5</span>吨<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的面积以<span lang="EN-US">200<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="平方米" sourcevalue="300" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-300<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">平方米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">为宜,需较大型的脱水机(表5-3</span></span>),生产率以每台每次<span lang="EN-US">(16-18</span>小时为一炉<span lang="EN-US">)</span>脱水鲜菇<span lang="EN-US">500<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="1500" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-1500<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">为理想。以煤、柴为燃料的脱水机,适用于山区。每生产<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">1<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">干菇,耗煤3<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="6" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-6<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>;</span></span></span>生产干菇<span lang="EN-US">50<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="千克" sourcevalue="150" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-150<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">千克</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">,每小时耗电1.5-3</span></span>千瓦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>表<span lang="EN-US">5-3 </span>大型脱水机的生产率和能耗量<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>烘<span lang="EN-US"> </span>干<span lang="EN-US"> </span>机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>型<span lang="EN-US"> </span>能<span lang="EN-US"> </span>源<span lang="EN-US"> </span>鲜菇烘干量<span lang="EN-US">(</span>千克<span lang="EN-US">/</span>台<span lang="EN-US">.</span>次<span lang="EN-US">) </span>备<span lang="EN-US"> </span>注<span lang="EN-US"><br/>XJ600-1000</span>型<span lang="EN-US"> </span>煤或电<span lang="EN-US"> 600-1000 </span>旋转式自控温<span lang="EN-US"><br/>LT-300</span>型<span lang="EN-US"> </span>煤或柴<span lang="EN-US"> 750 </span>砖砌烘房<span lang="EN-US"><br/>LC-1000-3000</span>型<span lang="EN-US"> </span>煤或柴<span lang="EN-US"> 1000-1500 </span>组装式流水线</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">要选购到满意的机型,除事先了解各类机型的结构特点外,还应对各生产厂家的产品的适用性、可靠性、温湿度自控力和价格作较全面的比较,特别是对一些老用户的拜访更为重要,了解到的问题会更真实。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>㈣<span lang="EN-US"> </span>热泵干燥机<span lang="EN-US"> </span>热泵是一种能从低温热源吸取热量,在较高温度下释热的热能装置。它能够有效地利用环境热源,因而能耗比最低。美国农业部的统计资料表明,农副产品干燥消耗的能源要比农业机械作业消耗的能源多得多。为了降低能源消耗和提高加工品质,美、日、德等国早在<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代就开始把热泵用到农副产品干燥作业中。国内从<span lang="EN-US">90</span>年代开始广在干燥作业中应用热泵的尝试,一些企业引进国外热泵装置干燥鱼、青菜、水果、茶叶、粮食种子。近年来,热泵装置开始用于干燥食药用菌如香菇、美味牛肝菌等,取得了节约能源和提高质量的双重效益。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>以<span lang="EN-US">RG-110</span>型热泵干燥机为例,介绍闭式结构热泵的主要特点,以及在香菇加工中的突出优点。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>1.</span>热泵干燥省能源。香菇富含水分<span lang="EN-US">(-</span>般含水率在<span lang="EN-US">80%</span>以上<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、糖、蛋白质及维生素等营养物质以及芳香类特殊物质,在储藏、运输及加工成食品之前、之中,都必须进行干燥而消耗大量能源。热泵干燥机不需要加热装置,省去了锅炉,热风炉和电加热器等发热设备,箱体不需要加保温层材料,节省了建设投资和生产费用。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>2.</span>热泵干燥技术特点。热泵干燥机可以分为两类。第一类是开式结构,用调节配气比例实现温度自动控制,应用于连续干燥作业;第二类是闭式结构,是在开式结构的基础上发展起来的,用调节冷凝器实现温度自动控制,气流在干燥箱内循环,无废气排放,热能利用有效系数更高。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>RG-l10</span>型热泵干燥机,是一种应用闭式热泵装置的箱式干燥机。近年来应用于灰树花、蔬菜种子、中药材、蔬菜等的干燥加工生产及试验。此机结构简单,热泵装置安装在箱体的一侧,除去必要的风道,余下的地方用来安放分层托盘,待干燥的物料均匀地摊放在托盘上。其工作原理和特点如下:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>循环风机驱动空气按风道引导的走向在箱体内循环往返。热泵装置先是通过其蒸发器从空气中吸取热量,使空气的温度迅速下降到露点温度以下,这时空气中的水蒸气凝露析出<span lang="EN-US">(</span>析出的露水被排出箱体外<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。接着把从空气中吸取的热量用来加热被脱了水的干燥冷空气,使空气升温而相对湿度大幅度降低,成为载湿能力很强的干燥热空气。随后,干燥热空气被引导均匀地通过待干燥物科,在流经待干燥物料时,和物料中的水份发生着热交换和相平衡作用,物料中的水分子吸收了空气中的热能,迅速地从物料中逸出而被气流带走,物料因而得到干燥。从待干燥物料中带走水分的空气重新进入热泵装置被脱水和加热,开始了又一个循环。空气不断地循环,物料则被不停地干燥,直到符合生产要求为止。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>在热泵干燥中,物料水分蒸发所需的热量来自水蒸气凝结时发出的热量,整个干燥过程,无须对物料进行额外加热。因而不必附加任何形式的发热装置,这使得热泵干燥方法比别的干燥方法能够降低能源消耗。这是热泵干燥的主要特点。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>和其它气流干燥不同,热泵干燥的另一个特点是它通过对气流进行脱水来获得介质的强载湿能力,所以能够在常温以下获得强载湿能力的干燥空气。这就使得干燥作业能够在较低的温度下进行,一般干燥温度选择在<span lang="EN-US">15<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="30" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-30℃</st1:chmetcnv></span>的范围内。在这样低的干燥温度下,可以有效地抑制待干燥物料中的细菌的滋生,防止了蛋白质受热变性,含糖物质受热结焦,易熔物质受热溶融,有生命的种子受热失效以及物料个体的变形、变色和芳香类物质的逃逸等等,这对于香菇、美味牛肝菌、羊肚菌的干燥,尤其具有重要意义。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>热泵干燥机是一种气流干燥设备,气流在箱体内循环,无废气烟气排放,流出的水是由露滴集合的清澈的蒸馏水,不会对环境造成任何染,噪声也只有<span lang="EN-US">60</span>分贝,是一种环保型的干燥设备。它还可以在风机上安装变频调速器,方便地调控箱体内的气流速度;通过调节冷凝器工质的流量大小,就可以实现干燥温度的自动控制。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>3.</span>热泵干燥应用实例<span lang="EN-US">:</span>李云林等报道了热泵干燥香菇的结果。香菇的加工主要是干制,干香菇的含水率要求在<span lang="EN-US">13%</span>以下。鲜香菇的水分含量一般在<span lang="EN-US">85%</span>左右,蛋白质和各种营养成份含量丰富。采用蒸汽热风式或火力热风式烘干设备干燥,因烘烤温度较高<span lang="EN-US">(</span>一般在<span lang="EN-US">40<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="70" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-70℃</st1:chmetcnv>)</span>,烘房内上下温度不均匀,干燥速度变化不易掌握,常使烘烤出来的香菇外型过份收缩,开裂变形,表面出现硬化结壳现象,手感硬而脆;同时在烘烤过程中香菇特有的清香气味会逃逸,符合</span>出
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