yugonggujun 发表于 2011-11-3 13:21:58

工业化生产食用菌的探索需要生产工艺的创新

 
<p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun">工业化生产食用菌的探索需要生产工艺的创新<br/>   ——黄若愚<br/></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt" lang="EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">工业化生产食用菌的探索需要创新,创新应该是多方面的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">装备的创新;技术的创新;在装备、技术创新支撑下的工艺创新是食用菌工业化迈上新高度的必然选择!</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">我们知道,装备是硬件部分,它是食用菌工业化生产业态的重要标示性形式,它是有形的部分</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">也是现代工业之所谓硬件,这一部分往往是顺应生产工艺的需要而(生)设计;技术是无形的部分,它是操控装备正常有效运行的技能技巧,是人的一种职业能力。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">所以,只有工艺的创新才是最革命性的创新!在现代工业技术、信息技术支撑下食用菌的工业化道路是需要工艺创新的时候了。</span><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">传统的食用菌</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">工业化</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">生产工艺和创新的食用菌工业化生产工艺,我在以往的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">博文</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">中有过对比阐述,孰优孰劣行家自然了了,在此不在赘述。现在要说的是支撑创新工艺的装备和技术部分。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">其核心装备的创新应该是两部分:</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">一、联合装置:</span></p>
<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">目前的菌棒(菌坯)制作流程是:配料</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">和水搅拌</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">发酵</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">装袋</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">打孔</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">封口</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">灭菌</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">冷却</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">接种</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">培养。这个过程是在一个展开的平面中进行,有些工序还需要封闭空间无菌进行,所以它不仅</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">工序环节多;需要控制的节点多;工序节点的不可控性多;独立装备(个数)多;装备总价值多;所需厂房、场地空间多;能源浪费、消耗多;</span></u><u><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">……</span></u><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">除上述等等诸多弊端、麻烦外,还必须较多的雇请企业中最不稳定的因素</span></u><u><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span></u><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">员工</span></u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">。而</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">联合装置</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">则几乎可以在减少一大半员工的情况下去完成这一切。</span></p>
<p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">、联合装置条件下的工业化制坯生产新工艺:</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">联合装置</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">配料</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">(喂料、酵熟、灭菌、制坯)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">冷却</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">接种</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">养菌。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">这样一个装置系统,从原料的发酵处理,从灭菌到制坯(菌砖或菌棒)都由一套系统来完成。</span></p>
<p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">、联合装置条件下的工业化制坯生产新工艺:</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">联合装置</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">——</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">配料</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">(喂料、酵熟、灭菌、冷却、接种、制坯)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">→</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">养菌。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">这样的工艺是在制坯之前已经将菌种混拌于培养基中,特别是因接入方式的原因,菌种的分散性好,不言而喻,发菌块,菌龄齐,出菇自然好。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">二、生态菇房:</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">菇房的两个功能:一是菌丝体的培育功能;二是子实体的培育功能。其意,在于它可以满足食用菌生理生长的需要或者可以满足食用菌生殖生长的需要,或是二者兼有之。所以它就必须可以任意的调节自身空间的温度、湿度、光照、空气等物候因素,从而满足食用菌的生理生态要求。照此看来,欧美的菇房几近完美?当然,其设计之初是这样的。但是,随着多学科技术的发展;随着观念的更新、人的认识会更科学合理;随着能源价值的日益攀升我们不堪重负</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">……</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">。我们渐渐的认识到食用菌工业化的路径存在严重问题!它不仅表现在</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">制坯</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">的工厂,更表现在育菌出菇的菇房。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">菇房应该是一个这样的系统:它是一个可以充分自如的利用自然物候条件(自然能量)的系统!而非一个独立于自然之外的,全部由人为设计的模拟(太空舱)系统。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">依据上述理念,我们设计了菇房波浪顶结构;水媒物候干预系统;阳光干预系统;害虫隔杀系统;微喷调节系统</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US">……</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">。</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">这样从生态学的需要,从物候学的角度去观察问题、解决问题。我们就可以用相对简单的,却是巧妙的;相对低成本的,却是科学高效的在解决育菌出菇的菇房问题!从而使其更节能;更环保;更低造价;更适合菇菌;更有效的立体利用空间;更低成本的运行管理!</span></p>
<p><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">所以,</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt; mso-hansi-font-family: simsun; mso-ascii-font-family: simsun">工业化生产食用菌的探索需要生产工艺的创新!只有生产工艺的创新才可能把食用菌的工业化生产推向更高的水平!</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: simsun; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 15pt" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

香菇人 发表于 2011-11-3 15:40:41

黄老师的文章要顶.顶黄老师健康长寿.

微笑宅蘑菇 发表于 2011-11-3 16:12:45

<p>还是一个月前在大讲堂有幸遇到黄老师一次,这回看到您的帖子。真高兴。</p>

无土栽培 发表于 2011-11-7 19:49:53

en ,谈的有道理,研究一下<br/>

中原蘑菇 发表于 2011-11-14 19:41:44

<font size="5">联合装置有点扯!工厂化依赖于工业的发展,自动化技术的提高。</font>

shawkui 发表于 2011-11-15 13:29:43

<p>黄老师所论一语中的,工艺的革新是工业化的根本,现在完成的比较好的就是液体菌种与瓶栽的“联合”,还有很多的环节需要工艺革新来支撑</p>

JSJ 发表于 2012-6-14 11:31:19

我一只在尝试着颠覆传统栽培模式,但是还是在理论的基础上,如;环形闭合生产线,纺工厂式集装箱式生产。现在正在对菌种和工艺进行完善。目的是把每斤蘑菇的利润降到0.1元以下。

machine163 发表于 2012-6-14 15:04:57

呼哧,生态菇房,谈何容易,不行就整个鱼-虾-藻似的自我封闭生态系统看能不能实现,总之美国这方面的研究还处在试验阶段,“生物圈2号”已经宣布失败,只能指望基因工程看是否有所作为了!

晶莹泉 发表于 2013-2-10 18:29:39

菇房波浪顶结构;水媒物候干预系统;阳光干预系统;害虫隔杀系统;
黄老师您好,对于您的上述系统学生非常感兴趣,因正在进行新场地的建设构想,恳请黄老师不吝赐教,在此先行谢过!
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