myb 发表于 2010-3-15 08:08:42

[分享]远程教育灵芝人工栽培技术

&nbsp;主持人:听众朋友你们好<span>!</span>我是艳红,欢迎收听致富早班车节目。灵芝是一种珍贵的药用真菌,俗称灵芝草,古代称瑞草、仙草,自古就被视为“吉祥物”。历代医学家均认为灵芝是滋补强壮、扶正培本的珍贵药品,有延年益寿的功效。现代医学已证实,灵芝中含有多种氨基酸、有机酸、生物碱、有机锗、多肽、灵芝多糖等,有提高免疫力的功能,临床上可用作抗肿瘤和抗辐射剂等。今天我们邀请到河北师范大学生命科学学院王立安教授给大家介绍一下灵芝的人工栽培技术。
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,您好!</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">艳红你好,听众朋友大家好!</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1. </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,节目的开始,您先给大家介绍一下灵芝的主要栽培特性好吗?</span></b></p>
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<p style="MARGIN: 0cm="0cm"0cm="0cm"0pt="0pt"28.1pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">好的。灵芝的主要栽培特性包括以下几个方面:</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)灵芝是典型的木腐菌。所以目前人工栽培灵芝主要有三种模式,短段木熟料栽培模式、木块袋栽灵芝模式、袋料栽培模式。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)灵芝属中高温型、恒温结实性菌类。栽培时发菌的最适温度为<span>26</span>~<span>28</span>℃;子实体原基分化温度为<span>22</span>~<span>28</span>℃,低于<span>18</span>℃子实体不能正常分化;子实体生长发育温度为<span>25</span>~<span>28</span>℃,高于<span>30</span>℃发育快,但质地、色泽较差。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)灵芝生长发育需要充足的水分和较高的空气相对湿度。栽培时,培养料的含水量要求在<span>60%</span>~<span>65%</span>;发菌时的空气相对湿度为<span>60%</span>~<span>70%</span>;子实体分化及生长阶段要求的空气相对湿度为<span>85%</span>~<span>95%</span>。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>4</span>)灵芝属好气性真菌。在发菌期间,子实体分化、生长期间对二氧化碳敏感,应注意通风;若通风不足,二氧化碳浓度超过<span>0.1%</span>易形成鹿角状的畸形芝。但人们常根据灵芝这一特性生产灵芝盆景。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>5</span>)光线。发菌时不需要光,但子实体在分化、生长阶段需要较强的散射光,适度的散射光是子实体色泽鲜艳的必要保证。同时,子实体还有明显的趋光性,不应随意移动和改变向光面位置,以防弯曲。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>6</span>)酸碱度。灵芝喜欢中性、偏酸的环境。菌丝体生长适宜<span>pH</span>值为<span>5</span>~<span>6</span>。上述这些特性是栽培灵芝的重要基础。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">2.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:刚才您提到人工栽培灵芝的三种模式,我们先给大家介绍如何利用短段木熟料栽培灵芝技术好吗?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">好的。短段木熟料栽培灵芝的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">生产工艺流程为:</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">树木选择→砍伐→切段→包装→灭菌→接种→菌丝培养→场地选择→搭架→开畦→脱袋→埋土→出芝管理(水份、通气、光线)→子实体发育→采收。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">3.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:利用短段木栽培灵芝对树种有要求吗?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">有的。树种应选用壳斗科树种为主。如栲、栎、槠、榉等。这些树木栽培灵芝,具有发菌快、子实体产量高、色泽好、坚实等优点。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">4.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:那什么时候去采伐这些树比较合适?采伐后又如何处理呢?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 27.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">采伐树木前要确定灵芝的栽培季节。灵芝属中高温性菌类,生产的接种季节一般安排在<span>11</span>月下旬~<span>1</span>月下旬,或<span>2</span>月中旬~<span>3</span>月上旬,当年均可收获<span>2</span>批子实体。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">一般根据灵芝栽培时间提前一个月砍伐,砍伐的杂木应选择生长在土质肥沃,向阴的山坡,其营养比较丰富,产量也高,品质亦佳。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">砍伐后去枝后运回生产场地。段木直径一般不小于<span>6</span>厘米,不大于<span>22</span>厘米,以<span>8</span>~<span>18</span>厘米为宜,砍伐运输过程中,尽可能保持树皮完整。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">在熟化消毒的当天或前一天进行切段,长度一般<span>30</span>厘米,切面要平,周围棱角要削平,以免刺破塑料袋。袋的规格有<span>15</span>厘米、<span>20</span>厘米、<span>26</span>厘米、<span>32</span>厘米的聚乙烯或聚丙烯筒料,每袋装一木段,大段装大袋,小段装小袋,两头绑紧。若用采伐时间较长的干段,则需要浸水过夜再装袋。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">5.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,刚才您提高熟化灭菌,那么什么是熟化灭菌?具体如何进行呢?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">所谓的熟化灭菌就是把装袋的段木通过常压或高压技术进行消毒灭菌的过程。生产上多用常压灭菌,<span>100</span>℃,保持<span>12</span>~<span>14</span>小时。具体操作和我们栽培其他食用菌的蒸料是一样的。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">6.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:如何对灭菌后的短段木进行接种?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">接种时最好进行二次空间灭菌。接种室要选门窗紧密、干燥、清洁的房间,墙壁用石灰水粉刷,地面是水泥地。第一次消毒在段木出灶前进行,按每立方米空间用烟雾消毒剂<span>4</span>克,对接种室消毒过夜;第二次消毒在段木冷却至<span>30</span>℃以下时进行,消毒过夜后即可接种。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">接种要保证两袋口段木表面积周围及树皮均有菌种。菌种要紧贴段木切面。这样发菌快,并可减少污染,一般接种成活率可达<span>98%</span>。接种量按每立方米段木<span>100</span>袋菌种左右。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">7.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:接种后的菌袋如何培养?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">接种后的菌带应放在通风干燥的培养室培养,若果放室外发菌,要有遮雨、保湿、遮荫措施。接种后一周内要加温到<span>22</span>~<span>25</span>℃培养,有利菌丝恢复生长。菌丝生长中后期若发现袋内大量水珠产生,则要加强通风或降温,每天午后开门窗通风换气<span>1</span>~<span>2</span>小时。一般培养<span>20</span>天左右菌丝便可长满整个段木表面。这时,可结合刺孔放气,减少袋内积水,促进菌丝向木质部深层生长。室内培养期约<span>2</span>个月,当断面由白色转为淡黄色时发菌结束。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">对污染的菌袋,可脱袋清洁杂菌后重新灭菌培养,但注意接种量宜大些。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">8.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:菌袋发满后如何进行出芝管理?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">菌袋发满后要按以下步骤进行出芝管理:</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)栽培场地的选择。应选择在海拔<span>300</span>~<span>700</span>米,<span>6</span>~<span>9</span>月份平均气温在<span>24</span>℃左右,排水良好,水源方便,土质疏松,偏酸性砂质土,朝东南,座西北的疏林地或田地里。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)作畦开沟。栽培场应在晴天翻土<span>2</span>作畦,畦高<span>10</span>~<span>15</span>厘米,畦宽<span>1.5</span>~<span>1.8<span><span>米</span></span><span>,畦长按地形决定,去除杂草、碎石。畦面四周开好排水沟,沟深30<span><span>厘米</span></span><span>。有山洪之处<span>还<span>应开好排洪沟。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)搭架建棚。具体操作与建普通香菇荫棚相同。棚的遮荫程度达到“四分阳,六分阴”即可。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>4</span>)排场埋土。将发好的菌袋去除塑料袋,段木一端朝下放在畦床内,填充干净表土或沙土的过程称为排场。排场时间应选择<span>4</span>~<span>5</span>月天气晴好时进行。场地应事先清理干净,南方地区还要注意白蚁的防治。排场应根据段木菌种不同,生长好坏进行分类。间距<span>5</span>厘米,行距<span>10</span>厘米。排好菌木后覆土<span>2</span>厘米。以菌木半露或不露为标准。覆土深浅厚薄应视栽培场湿度大小酌情处理。覆土最好用火烧土,既可提高土壤热性又可增加含钾量,有利出芝。</span></p>

myb 发表于 2010-3-15 08:09:18

<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">9.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,您再给大家详细讲讲出芝管理过程中的主要技术要点有哪些?</span></b></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">出芝管理过程中主要注意以下几点:</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)要有一定散射光照。光线控制总的原则是前阴后阳,前期光照度低有利于菌丝的恢复和子实体的形成,后期应提高光照,有利于灵芝的增厚和营养物质的积累。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)注意温度变化。灵芝为恒温结实型,菌材埋土后,如气温在<span>24</span>~<span>32</span>℃,通常<span>20</span>天左右即可形成菌芽。当菌柄生长到一定程度后,温度、空间湿度、光照适宜时,即可分化菌盖。气温较高时,要时常注意观察展开菌盖边缘白边色泽变化,防止变成灰色,否则再增大湿度也不能恢复生长。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)重视空间相对湿度。从菌芽发生到菌盖分化未成熟前的过程中,要经常保持空气的相对湿度<span>85%</span><span style="COLOR: black">~</span><span>95%</span>,以促进菌芽表面细胞分化;土壤也要保持湿润状态,晴天多喷,阴天少喷,下雨天不喷。</span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>4</span>)注意通气管理。灵芝属好气性真菌,在良好的通气条件下,可形成正常肾形菌盖,如果空气中<span>CO<sub>2</sub></span>浓度增至<span>0.3%</span>以上,则只长菌柄,不分化菌盖。为减少杂菌危害,在高温、高湿时要加强通风换气管理,让畦四周塑料布掀起通风,揭膜高度应与柄高持平,这样有利分化菌盖;中午高温时,要揭开整个薄膜,但要注意防雨。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>5</span>)做到“三防”,确保菌盖质量。一防联体子实体的发生。排场埋土菌材要有一定间隔。当发现子实体有相连可能性时,应及时旋转段木方向,不让子实体互相连结,并且要控制短段木上灵芝的朵数,一般直径<span>15</span>厘米以下的灵芝以<span>3</span>朵为宜,<span>15</span>厘米以上的以<span>1</span>~<span>2</span>朵为宜;二防雨淋或喷水时泥沙溅到菌盖造成伤痕,品质下降;三防冻害,海拔高的地区当年出芝后应于霜降前用稻草覆盖菌木畦面,厚度<span>5</span>~<span>10</span>厘米,清明过后再清除覆盖稻草继续出芝。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>6</span>)转潮管理。当一潮灵芝采完后,有薄膜覆盖保湿的芝畦停水<span>2</span>~<span>3</span>天,没盖膜的场地可以不停水,以利于第二潮原基出现。以后管理方法与第一潮相同。同时做好病虫害的防治。一般一年可出<span>2</span>~<span>3</span>潮芝。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">10.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:短段木熟料栽培过程中的病虫害该如何防治?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)白蚁防治。采用诱杀为妥。即在芝场四周,每隔数米挖坑,坑深<span>0.8</span>米,坑宽<span>0.5</span>米。将芒萁枯枝叶埋于坑中,外加灭蚁药粉,然后再覆薄土。投药后<span>5</span>~<span>15</span>天可见白蚁中毒死亡,该方法多次采用,以便将周围白蚁群杀死。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)害虫防治。用石硫合剂或菊酯类药物对芝场周围进行多次喷施。发现蜗牛类可人工捕杀。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)杂菌防治。在埋木后如有发现裂褶菌、桦褶菌、树舌、炭团类应用利器将污染处刮去,涂上波尔多液,并将杂菌菌木烧灭。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">11.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">王老师,您前面给我们详细介绍了短段木熟料栽培灵芝的相关技术,下面接着给大家介绍一下如何利用<span>木块袋栽灵芝技术</span>好吗?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">木块袋栽灵芝技术实际上是在</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">短段木熟料栽培灵芝技术<span>基础上进一步发展起来的。</span>这种模式的主要特点是:将短段木劈成木块,<span>8</span>~<span>10</span>块捆成<span>1</span>把,然后用袋料作填充料,具有发菌快、生长周期短、芝的品质好、产量高等特点。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">12.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:请您给大家介绍一下这种<span>栽培</span>技术的具体生产流程吧。</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">这种栽培技术的主要生产流程如下:</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)木块的准备。木料仍以壳斗科树种为好,树干、树枝均可。将选材制作成长<span>20</span>~<span>30</span>厘米,直径为<span>5</span>~<span>8</span>厘米(粗大的用刀破成块状)的木块。调整含水量在<span>65%</span>后,取<span>8</span>~<span>10</span>块捆成<span>1</span>把,并用刀削平周边的毛刺待用。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)填充料的准备。常用配方有:①杂木屑<span>73%</span>,麦麸<span>25%</span>,黄豆粉<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>,水<span>60%</span>。②棉子壳<span>98%</span>,蔗糖<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>,水<span>60%</span>。按配方组料、拌均后备用。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)装袋灭菌。取宽<span>24</span>厘米,长<span>48</span>厘米的聚乙烯专用菌袋,菌袋底部先放几把填充料垫底,小心将捆好的木块装入袋中;空隙处用填充料填紧并覆没木块。扎紧袋口后,当天放入常压灭菌锅中,用<span>100</span>℃蒸汽蒸<span>10</span>~<span>16</span>小时,以确保彻底灭菌。</span></p>

myb 发表于 2010-3-15 08:09:43

<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">14.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,发好菌的菌袋怎样进行出芝管理呢?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">灵芝生产一般采用脱袋覆土方式。当外界气温稳定在<span>24</span>℃时,发好菌的菌袋就可以移入芝棚出芝。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">首先脱掉菌袋,小心将菌柱取出,直立排放在芝床上,然后取菜园土填满菌柱间空隙,并覆没菌柱<span>1</span>~<span>2</span>厘米。芝棚的透光度保持<span>50%</span>左右,菌床的温度控制在<span>25</span>℃左右,同时注意增加芝棚的空气相对湿度到<span>85%</span>~<span>95%</span>,并加强通风管理。约经一星期左右即可现出原基。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">当原基出现后,就进入到子实体生长发育阶段了,要尽可能为原基生长创造一个良好的环境。除注意控制温度、空气湿度,加强通风换气外,还可采取一些管理措施来提高灵芝的品质和产量。如当原基长至乒乓球大时,可用直径<span>3</span>厘米的塑料套环将原基套住,迫使芝柄不开叉而形成一柄一盖;当菌盖增大到<span>2</span>~<span>3</span>个生长圈时,可结合松土和追施腐熟粪肥以提高产量;当菌盖增大到<span>8</span>~<span>10</span>个生长圈时,把芝棚的透光度由原来的<span>50%</span>降到<span>20%</span>,使灵芝在弱光环境下生长,会变得黑光油亮,菌盖增厚。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">15.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:那么,我们怎么来判断灵芝是否成熟?又该</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">如何进行采收呢?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">在合适的生长条件下,当灵芝子实体达到有大量褐色孢子弹散;菌盖表面色泽一致,菌盖下方色泽鲜黄一致;菌盖不再增大、增厚时,标志着灵芝已经成熟,即可采收。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt" align="left">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">采收时,要用果树剪从柄基部剪下,留柄蒂<span>0.5</span>~<span>1</span>厘米。剪口愈合后,可再形成原基,发育成二潮灵芝。如果采收一潮灵芝后准备过冬时,则将柄蒂全部摘下,以便覆土保湿。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">16.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,还有一种灵芝袋料栽培技术,您再给听众介绍一下?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">灵芝袋料栽培技术就是采用木屑、棉籽壳等人工配制栽培料代替段木,采用熟料袋栽或瓶栽方式进行灵芝生产的一项技术。袋料栽培模式一般适合木材资源相对匮乏的地区采用。由于培养料中营养成分丰富<span>(</span>可人工添加氮源<span>)</span>,培养基比木材疏松,所以灵芝菌丝及子实体生长快,生长周期短,从接种到采收仅为<span>3</span>~<span>4</span>个月,灵芝产量高。但袋料灵芝质地较疏松,品质及营养上略逊于段木灵芝。</span></p>

myb 发表于 2010-3-15 08:10:05

<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">17.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:能够作为灵芝袋料的主要原料有哪些?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主要原料有阔叶树木屑、棉籽壳、棉秆等多种农作物秸秆等。辅助性原料有麦麸或米糠、糖、石膏、过磷酸钙等。主料与辅料均应选择新鲜、未受潮、无霉烂、无变质的培养料。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">18.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:王老师,能否给大家推荐几个袋料袋栽灵芝的配方?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">好的。常用于袋料袋栽灵芝的配方有以下几种:</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 19.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>1</span>)杂木屑<span>73%</span>,麦麸<span>25%</span>,黄豆粉<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 19.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>2</span>)棉籽壳<span>98%</span>,蔗糖<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>3</span>)木屑(阔叶树)<span>78%</span>,麦麸(或米糠)<span>20%</span>,蔗糖<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>4</span>)棉籽壳<span>77%</span>,麦麸(或米糠)<span>20%</span>,过磷酸钙<span>1%</span>,蔗糖<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>5</span>)棉籽壳<span>47%</span>,木屑<span>30%</span>,麦麸(或米糠)<span>20%</span>,过磷酸钙<span>1%</span>,蔗糖<span>1%</span>,石膏粉<span>1%</span>。。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">(<span>6</span>)木屑<span>77%</span>,玉米芯<span>10%</span>,玉米粉<span>12%</span>,石膏<span>1%</span>,尿素<span>0.2%</span>。要注意:上述配方料水比均为<span>1</span>∶<span>1.5</span>~<span>1.8</span>,即培养料含水量在<span>60%</span>~<span>65%</span>。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 20.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">19.</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">主持人:用袋料栽培灵芝是否和其它熟料袋栽食用菌的方法步骤很相似呢?</span></b></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 17.7pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b></b>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18.05pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">专家:</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">是的。和栽培金针菇、白灵菇、杏鲍菇等食用菌的主要栽培流程基本一致。即按配方组料、装袋、灭菌、接种、发菌、出芝管理,最后采收。发菌期和出菇期的的温度、光照、通风、相对湿度等条件要求基本上和<span>木块袋栽灵芝技术</span>模式相同。但瓶栽灵芝一般采用层架式发菌和出菇,适合工厂化生产。</span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">袋栽灵芝一般也采用覆土出菇方式。将长好菌丝的菌袋移入塑料大棚内,用<span>1%</span>高锰酸钾溶液进行菌袋表面消毒,然后用刀片将菌袋划破,揭去薄膜,竖立在畦内;菌袋间距<span>2</span>~<span>3</span>厘米,空隙处用沙壤土填充;整个畦摆满后,在菌袋顶端再撒约<span>1</span>厘米厚的草木灰,草木灰上盖约<span>2</span>厘米厚沙壤土。盖土以后向畦内补水,一般在<span>50</span>千克水中加<span>500</span>克复合肥,这样不仅可保湿,还可促进菌丝扭结形成子实体。</span></p>

lilingjie 发表于 2010-3-15 08:32:48

<p>毛老师,辛苦了!</p>
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