[转帖]松茸与森林兼得是上策
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">松茸学名松口蘑，俗称青冈菌，是珍贵野生菌类，也是我国外贸出口的重点产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">四川是松茸的主产地，年均产值都在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">亿元以上。由于松茸利润如此丰厚，又无法人工种植，野生松茸资源几乎到了枯竭的程度。其实，造成野生松茸资源枯竭的原因，并不是日渐增加的消费需求和人工种植技术的缺乏，而是对松茸采集和经营管理的无力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">松茸的持续生长和利用取决于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">个环节：森林的高郁闭度，特别是温度和湿度；有地被植物或者覆盖物确保松茸能够生长成熟，而不是在成熟前被采摘或被动物吃掉；有大量成熟松茸确保孢子的扩散来维持松茸资源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">遗憾的是，在松茸的主要产地，这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">个环节都出现了严重问题：森林采伐使森林郁闭度下降；在森林内随意集柴积肥使松茸的生长环境受到严重破坏，许多森林的表土被刮走作为农业生产的有机肥，处于生长中的童茸因没有覆盖物保护而被动物采食，能够长成的松茸越来越少。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">对松茸的采集，民间向来有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">三天一采</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">的规矩，即采</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">天停</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">天。但这些年，良好的民规被丢弃，人们拼命搜寻松茸，哪怕是刚刚长出的童茸也被采去卖钱。在四川省茂县永和乡道财村，童茸被采集的比例曾高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">70</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">％，而童茸的价格只有成熟松茸价格的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">分之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">斤童茸长成成熟松茸后产量可在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">斤左右，产值能达到童茸的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">倍。对童茸的疯狂采集不仅使产量大减，更严重的是危害了对松茸的可持续利用和森林生态系统。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">各地政府为了制止对松茸的无序利用，最普遍的做法就是对采集者征收越来越高的资源管理费，让采集者感到无利可图而放弃采集。但结果恰恰相反，因为只有采集更多的松茸才能弥补多交费带来的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">损失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">在实施天然林保护工程后的原重点木材产区，松茸成了重要的经济支柱。一些地方为制止外地人来采集松茸，在森林里埋设炸药，却常常误伤了当地农民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <br/><br/> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ascii-font-family: ??; mso-hansi-font-family: ??">松茸与森林两者可以兼得吗？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ??; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </span></span>
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