[原创]《现代蘑菇堆肥技术》第3问:蘑菇堆料发酵有何利弊？

埃及蘑菇

杨老师，您好！
按照上面的数据，我推算了一下现在农场的产量（切根商品菇）：
按面积产量为20-25公斤/平米，
按照自然干料折算为350-400公斤/吨。

二次发酵末期（就是播种前）堆肥的重量偏高，比您的数据高30%左右。
我分析原因可能是由于进行袋式栽培，发酵程度比床架式栽培要轻一些（腐熟程度略低，增加堆肥的透气性）。
不知是否正确？

双孢菇论坛

QUOTE:

以下是引用野蘑菇在2011-5-27 12:49:01的发言：
我曾经参观过一家食用菌工厂采用麦草麦麸石灰发酵，前后只发酵7-8天，然后播种压块打包养菌（通用方法，可播种大部分食用菌如平菇，香菇，草菇，白蘑菇，棕蘑菇等），据说产量相当高，出菇期长。后来想再去参观没门。

曾经听一位德国专家介绍麦草种植平菇，不同的品种配方应该有调整吧？不知您是在哪里参观的？

刘顺根

COMPOST PREPARATION

The purpose of composting is to prepare a nutritious medium of such characteristics that the growth of mushroom mycelium is promoted to the practical exclusion of competitor organisms. Specifically this means:

1. To create a physically and chemically homogeneous substrate.

2. To create a selective substrate, one in which the mushroom mycelium thrives better than competitor microorganisms.

3. To concentrate nutrients for use by the mushroom plant and to exhaust nutrients favored by competitors.

4. To remove the heat generating capabilities of the substrate.

Mushroom mycelium grows on a wide variety of plant matter and animal manures. These materials occur naturally in various combinations and in varying stages of decomposition. Physically and chemically they are a heterogeneous mixture containing a wide variety of insects, microorganisms and nematodes. Many of these organisms directly compete with the mushroom mycelium for the available nutrients and inhibit its growth. By composting, nutrients favored by competitors gradually diminish while nutrients available to the mushroom mycelium are accumulated. With time, the substrate becomes specific for the growth of mushrooms.

The composting process is divided into two stages, commonly called Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ. Each stage is designed to accomplish specific ends, these being:

Phase Ⅰ: Termed outdoor composting, this stages involves the mixing and primary decomposition of the raw materials.

Phase Ⅱ: Carried out indoors in specially designed rooms, the compost is pasteurized and conditioned within strict temperature zones.

ymg

QUOTE:

以下是引用刘顺根在2011-5-30 0:35:20的发言：

COMPOST PREPARATION

The purpose of composting is to prepare a nutritious medium of such characteristics that the growth of mushroom mycelium is promoted to the practical exclusion of competitor organisms. Specifically this means:

1. To create a physically and chemically homogeneous substrate.

2. To create a selective substrate, one in which the mushroom mycelium thrives better than competitor microorganisms.

3. To concentrate nutrients for use by the mushroom plant and to exhaust nutrients favored by competitors.

4. To remove the heat generating capabilities of the substrate.

Mushroom mycelium grows on a wide variety of plant matter and animal manures. These materials occur naturally in various combinations and in varying stages of decomposition. Physically and chemically they are a heterogeneous mixture containing a wide variety of insects, microorganisms and nematodes. Many of these organisms directly compete with the mushroom mycelium for the available nutrients and inhibit its growth. By composting, nutrients favored by competitors gradually diminish while nutrients available to the mushroom mycelium are accumulated. With time, the substrate becomes specific for the growth of mushrooms.

The composting process is divided into two stages, commonly called Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ. Each stage is designed to accomplish specific ends, these being:

Phase Ⅰ: Termed outdoor composting, this stages involves the mixing and primary decomposition of the raw materials.

Phase Ⅱ: Carried out indoors in specially designed rooms, the compost is pasteurized and conditioned within strict temperature zones.

         您的外文水平不低，但是最好以中文发表观点，以便于网友们跟帖。否则，大部人不能准确理解。

刘顺根

谢谢，我的邮箱liushungen@163.com

ymg

       刘顺根网友中英文对照的形式较好，便于大家参考。建议你翻译些参考价值较高的理论参数，特提供英文资料，请试译：

4.1. The Mollier diagram for moist air (figure 7.1.)

       The Mollier diagram for moist air (published in 1923), is a powerful tool for the study of climatic condi­tions and of the measures taken to modify them. The Mollier diagram allows the relationship between temperature and relative humidity to be seen, without recourse either to calculation or to tables.The Mollier diagram used here is the so called h-x diagram, giving the relationship between heat con­tent h, and water vapour content x of air.Each point on the diagram shows a calculated heat content (enthalpy), see section 1.11. It is further cha­racterised by bold curved lines for constant temperature, moisture content, relative humidity and enthalpy.

       Each diagram is drawn for a particular atmospheric pressure 8, mostly 1013.25 mbar(760 mm mercury column or 101.325 kPa).

It does not use a right-angled set of coordinates, otherwise the enthalpy lines would be horizontal. For clarity, it is drawn at an angle.

The diagram permits changes in conditions to be followed without the necessity for extensive calcula­tion.

In dealing with the problems that occur, it is essential to take account both of the many phases of cultu­re, and of the variations in external climate.

      The use of the diagram will be illustrated with a number of simple examples based on 1 kg dry air con­taining varying amounts of moisture vapour, both still and moving.

     Figure 7.1.（请提供Email信箱，以便发此图）

     The Mollier diagram gives the relationship between the heat content h, and the water vapour content x, of the air. It is available for altitudes other than sea-level, and also for other temperature ranges, from the Technische Vereniging voor Verwarming en Luchtbehandeling (T.VVL.) in Amersfoort. [The Techni­cal Society for Heatinq and Air Handling].

刘顺根

翻译过来不一定准确，请各位专家斧正：
 COMPOST PREPARATION
 堆料准备 

 

The purpose of composting is to prepare a nutritious medium of such characteristics that the growth of mushroom mycelium is promoted to the practical exclusion of competitor organisms. Specifically this means:

堆料的目的是为了合成有营养的基质，这些基质可以促进蘑菇菌丝体的生长，抑制竞争生物体生长。这意味着： 

1. To create a physically and chemically homogeneous substrate.

1．创造一种理化性质均匀的培养基。

2. To create a selective substrate, one in which the mushroom mycelium thrives better than competitor microorganisms.

2．创造一种具有选择性的培养基，可使蘑菇菌丝体比竞争生物体能够更好地生长。

3. To concentrate nutrients for use by the mushroom plant and to exhaust nutrients favored by competitors.

3．把对蘑菇生长有利的营养富集起来，把竞争生物体喜好的营养耗尽。

4. To remove the heat generating capabilities of the substrate.

4．释放培料基产生的热量。

Mushroom mycelium grows on a wide variety of plant matter and animal manures. These materials occur naturally in various combinations and in varying stages of decomposition. Physically and chemically they are a heterogeneous mixture containing a wide variety of insects, microorganisms and nematodes. Many of these organisms directly compete with the mushroom mycelium for the available nutrients and inhibit its growth. By composting, nutrients favored by competitors gradually diminish while nutrients available to the mushroom mycelium are accumulated. With time, the substrate becomes specific for the growth of mushrooms.

蘑菇菌丝体可在多种植物体和动物粪便的腐熟体上生长。这些腐熟体在各种复合物和不同的发酵阶段自然形成。从物理和化学角度看，他们是包含各种昆虫、微生物和线虫的异类混合物。其中的许多生物体可与蘑菇菌丝体直接竞争可利用的营养，并抑制其生长。通过发酵，竞争生物体喜好的营养逐渐减少，同时蘑菇菌丝体喜好的营养富集。随着时间的推移，培养料就逐渐转变，只适合蘑菇的生长了。

The composting process is divided into two stages, commonly called Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ. Each stage is designed to accomplish specific ends, these being:

发酵过程被分为两个阶段，一般称为一次发酵和二次发酵。每个阶段都有其特定的作用。

Phase Ⅰ: Termed outdoor composting, this stages involves the mixing and primary decomposition of the raw materials.

一次发酵：也叫做室外发酵，这个阶段包括原料混合和初步分解。

Phase Ⅱ: Carried out indoors in specially designed rooms, the compost is pasteurized and conditioned within strict temperature zones.

二次发酵：在专门设计的室内发酵隧道里实现，培养料采用巴氏杀菌法进行杀菌后在特定的温度范围进行调节控制。

双孢菇论坛

杨教授方便告诉是这是哪本书里的吗？